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Exam Code: USMLE United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 exam success June 2023 by Killexams.com team

USMLE United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1

Beginning in May 2020, Step 1 examinations will include an increased number of questions that assess communications skills. The tables below provide information on the content weighting for Step 1 examinations administered before and after May 2020.

Table of Contents
- General Principles of Foundational Science
- Immune System
- Blood & Lymphoreticular System
- Behavioral Health
- Nervous System & Special Senses
- Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue
- Musculoskeletal System
- Cardiovascular System
- Respiratory System
- Gastrointestinal System
- Renal & Urinary System
- Pregnancy, Childbirth, & the Puerperium
- Female Reproductive System & Breast
- Male Reproductive System
- Endocrine System
- Multisystem Processes & Disorders
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology/Population Health
- Interpretation of the Medical Literature
- Social Sciences

Biochemistry and molecular biology Gene expression: DNA structure, replication, exchange, and epigenetics (eg, imprinting, Xactivation, DNA methylation) Gene expression: transcription Gene expression: translation, post-translational processing, modifications, and disposition of proteins (degradation), including protein/glycoprotein synthesis, intra-extracellular sorting, and processes/functions related to Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum Structure and function of proteins and enzymes (eg, enzyme kinetics and structural/regulatory proteins) Energy metabolism (eg, ATP generation, transport chain) Biology of cells Adaptive cell responses and cellular homeostasis (eg, hypertrophy) Mechanisms of injury and necrosis, including pathologic processes (eg, liquefactive necrosis, free radical formation) Apoptosis Cell cycle and cell cycle regulation (eg, mitosis) Mechanisms of dysregulation cell biology of cancer (eg, role of p53, proto-oncogenes) general principles of invasion and metastasis, including cancer staging Cell/tissue structure, regulation, and function, including cytoskeleton, organelles, glycolipids, channels, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, and receptors Human development and genetics Principles of pedigree analysis inheritance patterns occurrence and recurrence risk determination Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg law, founder effects, mutation-selection equilibrium Principles of gene therapy Genetic testing and counseling Genetic mechanisms (eg, penetrance, genetic heterogeneity) Biology of tissue response to disease Acute inflammatory responses (patterns of response) acute inflammation and mediator systems (eg, histamine, prostaglandins, bradykinins, eosinophilic basic protein, nitric oxide) vascular response to injury, including mediators principles of cell adherence and migration (eg, ECAMs, selectins, leukocytic diapedesis, and rolling) microbicidal mechanisms and tissue injury (eg, defensins) clinical manifestations (eg, pain, fever, leukocytosis, leukemoid reaction, chills) Chronic inflammatory responses (eg, tumor necrosis factor) Reparative processes wound healing, repair: thrombosis, granulation tissue, angiogenesis, fibrosis, scar/keloid formation regenerative process Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes: general principles Pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, dosage intervals Mechanisms of drug action, structure-activity relationships (eg, anticancer drugs) Concentration and dose-effect relationships (eg, efficacy, potency), types of agonists (eg, full, partial, inverse) and antagonists and their actions Individual factors altering pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (eg, age, gender, disease, tolerance, compliance, body weight, metabolic proficiency, pharmacogenetics) Mechanisms of drug adverse effects, overdosage, toxicology Mechanisms of drug interactions Signal transduction, including structure/function of all components of signal transduction pathways such as receptors, ligands (eg, general principles of nitric oxide, autocrine and paracrine signaling) Microbial biology Microbial identification and classification, including principles, microorganism identification, and non-immunologic laboratory diagnosis Bacteria structure (eg, cell walls, composition, appendages, virulence factors, extracellular products, toxins, mechanism of action of toxins) processes, replication, and genetics (eg, metabolism, growth, and regulation) oncogenesis antibacterial agents (eg, mechanisms of action on organism, toxicity to humans, and mechanisms of resistance) Viruses structure (eg, physical and chemical properties, virulence factors) processes, replication, and genetics (eg, life cycles, location of virus in latent infection) oncogenesis antiviral agents (eg, mechanisms of action on virus, toxicity to humans, and mechanisms of resistance) Fungi structure (eg, cell wall, composition, appendages, virulence factors, extracellular products, toxins, mechanisms of action of toxins) processes, replication, and genetics (eg, asexual vs. sexual, metabolism, growth) antifungal agents (eg, mechanisms of action on fungus, toxicity to humans, and mechanisms of resistance) Parasites structure (eg, appendages, macroscopic features, and virulence factors) processes, replication, and genetics (eg, life cycles, metabolism, and growth) oncogenesis antiparasitic agents (eg, mechanisms of action on parasite, toxicity to humans, and mechanisms of resistance) Prions Normal age-related findings and care of the well patient Infancy and childhood (0-12 years) Normal physical changes: linear growth, variations in linear growth, including constitutional delay; weight; head circumference; micturition, defecation,primary incontinence/bedwetting; normal physical examination; screening; sleep; teething syndrome Developmental stages: motor; speech; cognitive; psychosocial; anticipatory guidance Lifestyle and routine preventive health care: nutrition; exercise (eg, benefits of exercise); preventive/travel medicine; risk factors and prevention (eg, guns, swimming, motor vehicles, car seats); routine vaccinations Adolescence (13-17 years) Normal physical changes: linear growth, variations in linear growth including constitutional delay; weight; puberty; normal physical examination; gynecomastia; autonomy/self-identity; sleep Developmental stages: cognitive (eg, abstract thought); psychosocial (eg, autonomy, role confusion, sexual identity); anticipatory guidance Lifestyle and routine preventive health care: nutrition; exercise (eg, benefits of exercise); preventive/travel medicine; risk factors and prevention (eg, risk-taking behavior, helmets, safe sex, motor vehicles, seat belts, distractions); routine vaccinations Adulthood (18-64 years) Normal physical changes: weight; normal physical examination; screening; sleep Developmental stages: cognitive; intimacy vs isolation; anticipatory guidance Lifestyle and routine preventive health care: nutrition; exercise (eg, benefits of exercise); preventive/travel medicine; risk factors and prevention; routine vaccinations Senescence (65 years and older) Normal physical changes, including normal physical exam for age: weight, height (spinal compression), skin, bruising; normal physical examination; response to temperature; micturition, defecation;sleep Developmental stages: motor; cognitive (eg, benign senescent forgetfulness); psychosocial; integrity vs despair; retrospection; anticipatory guidance Lifestyle and routine preventive health care: nutrition; exercise (eg, benefits of exercise); preventive/travel medicine; risk factors and prevention (eg, falls, general medical condition; polypharmacy, driving, caregiver stress); routine vaccinations Immune System Normal processes Development of cells of the adaptive immune response, including positive and negative selection during immune development Structure, production, and function granulocytes, natural killer cells, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, cell receptors (eg, complement receptors and toll-like receptors), cytokines, chemokines T lymphocytes, including T-lymphocyte receptors, accessory molecules (eg, CD3, CD4, CD8, B7), cell activation and proliferation, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and memory T lymphocytes B lymphocytes and plasma cells, including B-lymphocyte receptors, immunoglobulins, cell activation and proliferation, including development of antibodies and memory B lymphocytes host defense mechanisms, host barriers to infection, mucosal immunity (eg, gutassociated lymphoid tissue and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue), anatomical locations of T and B lymphocytes Cellular basis of the immune response and immunologic mediators antigen processing and presentation in the context of MHC I and MHC II molecules (eg, TAP, beta-2 microglobulin), intracellular pathways, mechanisms by which MHC is expressed on the surface; including distribution of MHC I and MHC II on different cells, mechanisms of MHC I and MHC II deficiencies, and the genetics of MHC regulation of the adaptive immune response (eg, peripheral tolerance, anergy, regulatory T lymphocytes, termination of immune response, and B-T lymphocyte interactions) activation, function, and molecular biology of complement (eg, anaphylatoxins) functional and molecular biology of cytokines (eg, IL 1-15) Basis of immunologic diagnostics (eg, antigen-antibody reactions used for diagnostic purposes, ELISA, immunoblotting, antigen-antibody changes over time, ABO typing) Principles of immunologic protection vaccine production and mechanisms of vaccine action biologically active antibodies (eg, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies including IVIG, VZIG, rabies immunoglobulin) Effect of age on the function of components of the immune system Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Disorders associated with immunodeficiency deficiency primarily of humoral immunity: common variable immunodeficiency; hyper IgM syndrome; hypogammaglobulinemia/agammaglobulinemia, X-linked (Bruton); selective immunodeficiency (eg, IgA, IgM, IgE) deficiency/dysfunction primarily of cell-mediated immunity: adenosine deaminase deficiency; DiGeorge syndrome; severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID); Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome; granulomatosis; allergic reactions/skin complement deficiency: alternative pathway component deficiency (C2, C3b, C3bB, C36B6); classical pathway component deficiency (C1q, C1r, C1-C5); terminal component deficiency (C5b-C9; terminal complement complex); C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, hereditary angioedema; mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency; membrane attack complex deficiency deficiency of phagocytic cells and natural killer cells: Chediak-Higashi disease; chronic granulomatous disease and other disorders of phagocytosis; leukocyte adhesion deficiency HIV/AIDS: HIV1 and HIV2; AIDS; AIDS complications (eg, neuropathy, dementia, renal insufficiency); immunology of AIDS; immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS); secondary infections; noninfectious complications Immunologically mediated disorders hypersensitivity reactions: type 1, 2, 3, including anaphylaxis; type 4; drug reactions; serum sickness transplantation: rejection; graft-vs-host disease Adverse effects of drugs on the immune system: Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction; drugs affecting the immune system (eg, prednisone, azathioprine, cyclosporine, methotrexate, monoclonal antibody drugs [eg, abciximab, adalimumab; bevacizumab, infliximab, omalizumab, rituximab]); vaccine adverse effects Blood & Lymphoreticular System Normal Processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes Organ structure and function Cell/tissue structure and function production and function of erythrocytes, including heme and hemoglobin synthesis; hemoglobin O2 and CO2 transport, transport proteins, erythropoietin production and function of platelets production and function of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors; hemostasis Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Infectious and immunologic infectious disorders bacteria viral: hemorrhagic fever (Ebola virus, Marburg virus); chikungunya; dengue fever; Zika virus disease parasitic: malaria (Plasmodium spp); babesiosis (Babesia species) primary infections of lymphoid tissue: lymphadenitis (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic); lymphangitis; buboes, bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis); cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) immunologic and inflammatory disorders: cryoglobinemia, essential mixed cryoglobinemia; autoimmune hemolytic anemia; paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria; thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; hemolytic uremic syndrome Neoplasms: leukemia, acute (ALL, AML); leukemia, chronic (CLL, CML); lymphomas, Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma; multiple myeloma, dysproteinemias, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS); myelofibrosis; myelodysplastic syndrome, myelodysplasias; other immunoproliferative neoplasms (eg, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia) Anemia, cytopenias, and polycythemia anemias decreased production: anemia of chronic disease hemolysis: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; pyruvate kinase deficiency disorders of hemoglobin, heme, or membrane: disorders of red cell membranes; hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis; methemoglobinemia, congenital; sickle cell disease; sideroblastic anemia; thalassemias other causes of anemia: blood loss, acute and chronic as a cause of anemia cytopenias: aplastic anemia; leukopenia; neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, agranulocytosis; pancytopenia; thrombocytopenia, quantitative; immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) cythemias: leukocytosis; polycythemia vera; secondary polycythemia Coagulation disorders (hypocoagulable and hypercoagulable conditions) hypocoagulable: disseminated intravascular coagulation; hemophilia, congenital factor VIII [hemophilia A] and IX [hemophilia B]; hypofibrinogenemia; von Willebrand disease; platelet dysfunction, qualitative hypercoagulable: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; other coagulopathies (eg, homocysteinemia, hypoplasminogenemia, antithrombin III, protein C/protein S deficiency, Factor V Leiden, anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, prothrombin G20210A mutation) reactions to blood components: ABO incompatibility/anaphylaxis; Rh incompatibility/anaphylaxis; hemolysis, delayed; transfusion reaction; transfusion contaminated with bacteria; transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI); anaphylactoid reaction (IgA deficiency) Traumatic, mechanical, and vascular disorders: mechanical injury to erythrocytes (eg, cardiac valve hemolysis); disorders of the spleen; splenic rupture/laceration; splenic infarct; splenic abscess; effects/complications of splenectomy (eg, sepsis due to encapsulated bacteria); hypersplenism Adverse effects of drugs on the hematologic and lymphoreticular systems: antiplatelet drugs, antithrombin drugs (eg, dabigatran); chemotherapeutic agents; inhibitors of coagulation factors; methemoglobinemia, acquired; propylthiouracil; tumor lysis syndrome; warfarin Behavioral Health Normal Processes Psychodynamic and behavioral factors, related past experience (eg, transference, personality traits) Adaptive behavioral responses to stress and illness (eg, coping mechanisms) Maladaptive behavioral responses to stress and illness (eg, drug-seeking behavior, sleep deprivation) Patient adherence: general adherence; adolescent adherence Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Psychotic disorders: brief psychotic disorder; delusional disorder; psychotic disorder due to another medical condition; schizophrenia; schizoaffective disorder; substance-induced psychotic disorder Anxiety disorders: acute stress disorder; anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety due to another medical condition, social phobia); hyperventilation syndrome; obsessive-compulsive disorder; panic disorder with and without agoraphobia; phobic disorders; post-traumatic stress disorder; separation anxiety disorder; substance-induced anxiety disorder, trichotillomania Mood disorders: major depressive disorder with and without psychotic features, with and without seasonal pattern; major depressive disorder, postpartum, with and without psychotic features, including screening; cyclothymic disorder; persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia); bipolar disorder, manic/depressed/mixed; premenstrual dysphoric disorder; bipolar and related disorder or depressive disorder due to another medical condition; substance/medication-induced bipolar and related disorder or depressive disorder (illegal or prescribed); suicidal ideation/attempt Somatoform disorders: body dysmorphic disorder; conversion disorder, including psychogenic seizures; dissociative disorders; illness anxiety disorder (hypochondriasis); malingering; pain disorder; somatic symptom disorder Factitious disorders: factitious disorder imposed on self Eating disorders and impulse control disorders: anorexia nervosa; binge-eating disorder; bulimia nervosa; eating disorder; disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders (eg, gambling, kleptomania, pyromania) Disorders originating in infancy/childhood: reactive attachment disorder; attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder; speech sound disorder or language disorder; learning disorder/dyslexia; intellectual developmental disorder and developmental delay, undefined, including school problems, fetal alcohol syndrome; oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder; autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome; psychoses with origin specific to childhood; elimination disorders (incontinence, encopresis); tic disorders/Tourette disorder Personality disorders: antisocial personality disorder; avoidant personality disorder; borderline personality disorder; dependent personality disorder; histrionic personality disorder; narcissistic personality disorder; obsessive-compulsive personality disorder; paranoid personality disorder; schizoid personality disorder Psychosocial disorders/behaviors: adjustment disorder; grief response/bereavement, normal and persistent complex; parent-child relational problems other than physical or emotional abuse; other psychosocial stress Sexual and gender identity disorders: gender dysphoria; psychosexual dysfunction Substance use disorders: alcohol use disorder/intoxication/dependence/withdrawal; tobacco/nicotine use disorder/dependence/withdrawal; varenicline use; cannabis use disorder/intoxication/dependence; hallucinogen use disorder/intoxication/dependence/withdrawal; inhalant use disorder/intoxication/dependence/withdrawal; opioid, heroin, including prescription drug, use disorder/intoxication/dependence/withdrawal; sedative, hypnotic, including benzodiazepine and barbiturate use disorder/intoxication/dependence/withdrawal; stimulant, cocaine, methamphetamine use disorder/intoxication/dependence/withdrawal; other drugs of use disorders (eg, ecstasy, PCP, bath salts)/intoxication/dependence/withdrawal; polysubstance use disorder/intoxication/dependence/withdrawal Nervous System & Special Senses Normal Processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes, including neural tube derivatives, cerebral ventricles, and neural crest derivatives Organ structure and function spinal cord gross anatomy and blood supply spinal reflexes brain stem (eg, cranial nerves and nuclei, reticular formation, anatomy and blood supply, control of eye movements) brain gross anatomy and blood supply higher function: cognition, language, memory, executive function hypothalamic function limbic system and emotional behavior circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder sensory systems general sensory modalities, including sharp, dull, temperature, vibratory, and proprioception special sensory modalities, including vision, hearing, taste, olfaction, and balance motor systems brain and spinal cord (upper motoneuron) basal ganglia and cerebellum autonomic nervous system peripheral nerves Cell/tissue structure and function, including neuronal cellular and molecular biology axonal transport excitable properties of neurons, axons, and dendrites, including channels synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and degradation of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators presynaptic and postsynaptic receptor interactions, trophic and growth factors brain metabolism glia, myelin brain homeostasis: blood-brain barrier, cerebrospinal fluid formation and flow, choroid plexus Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders infectious disorders: meningitis: bacterial (Actinomyces israelii; Haemophilus influenzae; Listeria monocytogenes; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Neisseria meningitidis; Staphylococcus aureus, epidermidis; Streptococcus agalactiae; Streptococcus pneumoniae); viral (adenovirus, arboviruses, echovirus and coxsackie A & B viruses, polioviruses, herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster, human immunodeficiency virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, measles virus, mumps virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, California encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus); fungal (Blastomycosis dermatitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii); spirochetal (Borrelia burgdorferi; Leptospira; Treponema pallidum, including neurosyphilis); protozoal/helminths (Acanthamoeba, Naegleria fowleri, Strongyloides stercoralis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Baylisascaris procyonis); encephalitis (herpesvirus [HSVI], varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, mumps virus, enterovirus, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, rabies virus, Eastern and Western equine encephalitis virus, poliovirus, Taenia, Toxoplasma gondii); prion disease (eg, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease); botulism (Clostridium botulinum), tetanus (Clostridium tetani); CNS disorders associated with AIDS (eg, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) immunologic and inflammatory disorders: myasthenia gravis, including thymoma; multiple sclerosis; transverse myelitis Neoplasms (cerebral, spinal, and peripheral): benign (meningioma, neurofibromatosis); malignant (glioblastoma multiforme, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, primary CNS lymphoma); metastatic (eg, breast, lung, pancreatic, testicular, melanoma) Cerebrovascular disease: arteriovenous malformations, ectatic cerebral vessels; transient ischemic attack; stroke, thrombotic: cerebral artery occlusion/cerebral infarction; stroke, embolic: cerebral embolism; stroke: intracerebral hemorrhage, including subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic intracranial hemorrhage; cerebral artery aneurysm; carotid artery stenosis/atherosclerosis/occlusion/dissection; vertebral artery deficiency/dissection; subclavian steal syndrome; vascular dementia; hypertensive encephalopathy; posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; venous sinus thrombosis Disorders relating to the spine, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots: cauda equina syndrome; spinal artery thrombosis/embolus/infarct; spinal cord compression; spinal cord transection, paraplegia and quadriplegia, acute and chronic effects (eg, autonomic dysreflexia); spinal stenosis (cervical, lumbar); syringomyelia Cranial and peripheral nerve disorders cranial nerve injury/disorders: cranial nerve injury; Bell palsy; anisocoria, miosis, mydriasis; internuclear ophthalmoplegia; nystagmus and other irregular eye movements; vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis; ptosis of the eyelid; Horner syndrome peripheral nerve/plexus injury/disorders: peripheral nerve injury, including brachial plexus; carpal/cubital/tarsal/peroneal tunnel syndrome; mononeuritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome; Miller Fisher syndrome; neuropathy (eg, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease); herpes zoster Neurologic pain syndromes: complex regional pain syndrome (reflex sympathetic dystrophy, causalgia); fibromyalgia; postherpetic neuralgia; phantom limb pain/syndrome; thalamic pain syndrome; trigeminal neuralgia Degenerative disorders/amnestic syndromes: Alzheimer disease; frontotemporal dementia, including progressive supranuclear palsy, Lewy body disease; mild neurocognitive disorder, mild cognitive impairment Global cerebral dysfunction: altered states of consciousness; delirium; coma/brain death Neuromuscular disorders: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/spinal muscular atrophy; muscular dystrophy (eg, Duchenne, myotonic); muscle channelopathies (eg, hypokalemic period paralysis) Movement disorders: acute dystonia; adult tic disease; essential tremor; Huntington disease; Parkinson disease, including Parkinson dementia Metabolic disorders: adrenoleukodystrophy; metabolic encephalopathy Paroxysmal disorders: headache, including migraine, mixed, tension, ice-pick, cluster, medication withdrawal, caffeine withdrawal; seizure disorders, including generalized tonic-clonic, partial, absence, febrile Sleep disorders: cataplexy and narcolepsy; circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder; insomnia, primary; sleep terror disorder and sleepwalking; REM sleep behavior disorder; restless legs syndrome Traumatic and mechanical disorders and disorders of increased intracranial pressure: anoxic brain damage, cerebral hypoxia; epidural, subdural hematoma (cerebral and spinal); intraparenchymal hemorrhage, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage; cerebral edema; pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension); torticollis/cervical dystonia; hydrocephalus, including normal-pressure; traumatic brain injury (concussion)/postconcussion syndrome (dementia pugilistica); traumatic brain syndrome Congenital disorders: Friedreich ataxia; neural tube defects (eg, spina bifida, holoprosencephaly, anencephaly); microcephaly; Sturge-Weber syndrome; tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease; hydrocephalus, obstructive (Arnold-Chiari) Adverse effects of drugs on the nervous system: acute dystonic reaction; drug-induced meningitis (eg, NSAIDs, sulfa drugs); drug-induced neuropathy (eg, vincristine, isoniazid, metronidazole); extrapyramidal adverse effects (eg, akathisia, dystonia, drug-induced parkinsonism); neuroleptic malignant syndrome; poisoning by psychotropic agents, including antidepressants; serotonin syndrome; tardive dyskinesia Disorders of the eye and eyelid infectious and inflammatory disorders of the eye: blepharitis/eyelid inflammation; chalazion; chorioretinitis; conjunctivitis (adenovirus)/keratoconjunctivitis; dacryocystitis; endophthalmitis; hordeolum; iridocyclitis; optic neuritis; periorbital cellulitis; uveitis neoplasms of the eye: melanoma; retinoblastoma disorders of the eye and eyelid, structural: cataract; glaucoma; lacrimal system disorders; pterygium; refractive disorders (presbyopia, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism) disorders of the pupil, iris, muscles (extraocular): amblyopia; strabismus disorders of the retina: hypertensive retinopathy; macular degeneration; papilledema; retinal detachment; retinitis pigmentosa; vascular disorders affecting the retina, including central retinal artery embolus, retinal hemorrhage, amaurosis fugax, embolus, carotid artery stenosis, central retinal vein occlusion; visual impairment/blindness, night blindness traumatic and mechanical disorders: black eye; burn of the eye and adnexa; corneal abrasion, ulcer; dislocated lens; foreign body in eye; hyphema; injury to optic nerve and pathways; laceration of the eye and eyelid; ocular open wounds; orbital fracture; subconjunctival hemorrhage adverse effects of drugs on the eyes: ethambutol; hydroxychloroquine; prednisone Disorders of the ear infectious and inflammatory disorders of the ear: chondritis; mastoiditis; otitis, externa, media, interna, serous, suppurative, malignant otitis externa neoplasms: acoustic neuroma, neurofibromatosis type 2; cholesteatoma hearing loss/deafness: hearing loss, including noise-induced; otosclerosis; tinnitus disorders of balance and spatial orientation: Ménière disease; motion sickness; vertigo, including benign positional vertigo traumatic and mechanical disorders: barotrauma; foreign body in ear; impacted cerumen; laceration, avulsion; perforation of tympanic membrane; eustachian tube disorders adverse effects of drugs on the ear: antineoplastic agents, including cisplatin; aminoglycosides; furosemide; salicylates Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue Normal Processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and neonatal changes Organ structure and function, including barrier function, thermal regulation Cell/tissue structure and function, eccrine function Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life (eg, senile purpura, male pattern baldness, postmenopausal hair changes) Skin defense mechanisms and normal flora Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders infectious disorders and infestations bacterial: cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome; abscess, cutaneous, including septic abscess; anthrax (Bacillus anthracis); carbuncle; folliculitis; pilonidal cyst, infected; pyoderma gangrenosum; MSSA and MRSA skin infections; mycobacterial infections (eg, leprosy, draining sinus); scarlet fever (group A Streptococcus) viral: herpes simplex type 1 & type 2, herpes zoster, Ramsay-Hunt syndrome; molluscum contagiosum; hand-foot-and-mouth disease; herpangina; parvovirus; chickenpox, erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), rubella, measles, roseola (exanthema subitum); verrucae vulgaris fungal (deep and superficial): candidiasis, skin; dermatophytosis, tinea corporis; dermatomycoses; diaper rash; onychomycosis parasitic: cutaneous larva migrans; cutaneous leishmaniasis infestations, nonvenomous bites, stings: scabies; lice; insect bites, including bed bugs immunologic and inflammatory disorders papulosquamous and eczematous dermatoses: psoriasis; lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses; allergic/irritant contact dermatitis (eg, nickel); dermatoses caused by plants (poison ivy, poison oak) vesiculobullous disorders: epidermolysis bullosa; dermatitis herpetiformis; pemphigus; pemphigoid urticaria, erythema, exanthema, and purpura: erythema nodosum; atopic dermatitis; pityriasis rosea; urticaria; Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis autoimmune disorders: vitiligo Neoplasms benign neoplasms, cysts and other skin lesions: actinic keratoses; cysts, including epidermal; hemangiomas; lipoma; pigmented nevi; seborrheic keratosis; xanthomas malignant neoplasms: basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; melanoma, including genital; Kaposi sarcoma; cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides Adnexal disorders (hair and hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, oral mucous membranes) disorders of the hair and hair follicles: alopecia; seborrhea capitis/seborrheic dermatitis; tinea barbae and capitis disorders of the nails (including ingrowing nail) disorders of sweat and sebaceous glands: acne vulgaris; hidradenitis suppurativa; hyperhidrosis; ichthyosis; rosacea Oral disease: aphthous ulcers (stomatitis, canker sores); leukoplakia Disorders of pigmentation: albinism; lentigo Traumatic and mechanical disorders: animal bites (dogs, cats, etc); burns or wounds affecting the skin or subcutaneous tissue (eg, sunburn, other including blast injuries and burns); cauliflower ear; effects of ultraviolet light; keloids; tattoo; thermal injury, perniosis, frostbite; ulcers, decubitus Congenital disorders: xeroderma pigmentosum; benign lesions in neonates, infants, children (eg, congenital nevi) Adverse effects of drugs on skin and subcutaneous tissue: drug reactions, eruptions, including local reaction to vaccine Musculoskeletal System Normal processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes Organ structure and function Cell/tissue structure and function biology of bones, joints, tendons, skeletal muscle, cartilage exercise and physical conditioning/deconditioning Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders infectious disorders: gangrene, dry and wet, clostridial myonecrosis (Clostridium perfringens); discitis; myositis, infective; necrotizing fasciitis; osteomyelitis; septic arthritis; spondylitis, tuberculous immunologic disorders: ankylosing spondylitis; dermatomyositis/polymyositis; juvenile idiopathic arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis, Felty syndrome; psoriatic arthropathy inflammatory disorders: adhesive capsulitis of shoulder (frozen shoulder syndrome); ankylosis/spondylopathy (inflammatory); bursitis; fasciitis; osteochondritis, osteochondritis dissecans; tendinitis, supraspinatus syndrome, enthesopathy of spine, elbow, ankle; temporomandibular joint disorders; fibrositis, myofascial pain syndrome; synovitis; tenosynovitis; myositis Neoplasms: benign neoplasms (e.g., ganglion cyst); malignant neoplasms of bone (eg, osteosarcoma, sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdosarcoma); metastases to bone, secondary malignant neoplasm of bone Degenerative and metabolic disorders degenerative/metabolic disorders of bone, tendon, and cartilage: chondromalacia; disc degeneration, herniated disc; Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease; Osgood-Schlatter disease; osteodystrophy; osteomalacia; osteonecrosis (avascular), bone infarct; osteoporosis; osteopenia; osteitis deformans (Paget disease of bone); pathologic fracture; radiculopathies; spondylolisthesis/spondylosis (degenerative) degenerative/metabolic disorders of joints: gout, gouty arthritis, pseudogout; joint effusion; osteoarthritis degenerative/metabolic disorders of muscles, ligaments, fascia: Dupuytren contracture; muscle calcification and ossification; muscle wasting and diffuse atrophy; rhabdomyolysis Traumatic and mechanical disorders: amputation and care of amputees; backache, including low back pain; blast injuries; compartment syndrome; contractures, hospital-acquired; contusions; dislocations; fractures; sprains, strains; kyphoscoliosis, scoliosis; rotator cuff syndrome; slipped capital femoral epiphysis; dislocation of hip Congenital disorders: achondroplasia/dwarfism; disorders of limb development (HOX gene mutation, phocomelia); developmental dysplasia of the hip; dislocation of hip in infantile spinal muscular atrophy; genu valgum or varum; foot deformities (flat foot, valgus/varus deformities); osteogenesis imperfecta; McArdle disease; mitochondrial myopathies Adverse effects of drugs on the musculoskeletal system: drug-induced myopathy (eg, steroids, statins, cocaine, AZT); malignant hyperthermia Cardiovascular System Normal Processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal transitional changes Organ structure and function chambers, valves cardiac cycle, mechanics, heart sounds, cardiac conduction hemodynamics, including blood volume and systemic vascular resistance circulation in specific vascular beds, including pulmonary and coronary Cell/tissue structure and function heart muscle, metabolism, oxygen consumption, biochemistry, and secretory function (eg, atrial natriuretic peptide) endothelium and secretory function, vascular smooth muscle, microcirculation, and lymph flow neural and hormonal regulation of the heart, blood vessels, and blood volume, including responses to change in posture, exercise, and tissue metabolism, and autonomic responses Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders infectious disorders: bacterial endocarditis, myocarditis immunologic and inflammatory disorders: atherosclerosis (eg, atherosclerosis of the aorta) Neoplasms: myxoma, metastases Dysrhythmias: premature beats (PACs, PVCs); atrial flutter/fibrillation; multifocal atrial tachycardia; paroxysmal tachycardias; ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation; wide complex tachycardia; torsades de pointes; bradycardias; atrioventricular block (first-, second-, third-degree); conduction disorder (LBBB, RBBB); cardiac arrest; sick sinus syndrome; prolonged QT syndrome; Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; carotid sinus hypersensitivity; pacemaker dysfunction, including failure to sense, capture Heart failure: chordae tendineae rupture; congestive heart failure; cor pulmonale; diastolic dysfunction; systolic dysfunction; mitral valve dysfunction; heart failure secondary to myocardial infarction; high-output heart failure, including thyrotoxicosis-induced, anemia-induced; tachycardia-induced; cardiogenic pulmonary edema Ischemic heart disease: acute coronary syndrome, acute myocardial infarction; angina pectoris, stable and unstable/coronary artery disease/coronary insufficiency; coronary artery spasm Diseases of the myocardium: cardiomyopathy, dilated, including alcoholic, viral, takotsubo; cardiomyopathy, obstructive hypertrophic; cardiomyopathy, familial dilated; cardiomyopathy, restrictive; hypertensive heart disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular hypertrophy; complications of myocardial infarction; nontraumatic tamponade post-myocardial infarction; papillary muscle rupture/dysfunction; ventricular free wall rupture; myocarditis Diseases of the pericardium: chronic constrictive pericarditis; pericardial effusion; pericardial tamponade; acute pericarditis; pericarditis, following myocardial infarction, surgery, trauma Valvular heart disease: valve disorders, mitral/aortic/tricuspid, pulmonic (eg, regurgitation, stenosis, prolapse, insufficiency, vegetation); functional murmurs; rheumatic heart disease; complications of artificial valves Hypotension: orthostatic hypotension Hypertension: elevated blood pressure reading without diagnosis of hypertension; essential hypertension; malignant hypertension; secondary hypertension Dyslipidemia: hypercholesterolemia; hyperlipidemia; hypertriglyceridemia; lipoproteins/lipoprotein lipase deficiency Vascular disorders disorders of the great vessels: aneurysm, aortic (abdominal/thoracic), dissection, ruptured; aneurysm, iliac, other peripheral vascular, ruptured; aortoiliac disease peripheral arterial vascular disease: arterial embolus/thrombosis; arteriovenous fistula; atheroembolic disease; claudication; cholesterol emboli; hypertensive vascular disease; peripheral arterial disease; thromboangiitis obliterans diseases of the veins: deep venous thrombosis, venous thromboembolism; phlebitis/thrombophlebitis; varicose veins; venous insufficiency; stasis ulcers, stasis dermatitis Traumatic and mechanical disorders: ventricular puncture; myocardial contusion; myocardial rupture; traumatic aortic dissection; traumatic tamponade Congenital disorders, including disease in adults: anomalous left coronary artery; atrial septal defect; coarctation of the aorta; endocardial cushion defect; patent foramen ovale; patent ductus arteriosus; tetralogy of Fallot; transposition of the great vessels; ventricular septal defect Adverse effects of drugs on the cardiovascular system: adriamycin; cocaine, amphetamine, PCP; ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, minoxidil Respiratory System Normal Processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes Organ structure and function airways, including mechanics and regulation of breathing lung parenchyma, including ventilation, perfusion, gas exchange pleura nasopharynx, sinuses Cell/tissue structure and function, including surfactant formation, and alveolar structure Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life Pulmonary defense mechanisms and normal flora Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders of the upper airways: acute upper respiratory infection; viral infections (adenovirus, coronaviruses, coxsackievirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, rhinoviruses); sinusitis; nasopharyngitis; epiglottitis; Bordetella pertussis pneumonia; croup; acute laryngitis; acute laryngotracheitis; tracheitis; pharyngitis; streptococcal throat infections; tonsillitis; peritonsillar abscess; rhinitis, allergic, chronic; ulcers of nasal cavity/sinuses infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders of the lower airways: hospitalacquired pneumonia; ventilator-associated pneumonia, community-acquired pneumonia, acute bronchiolitis; bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP); anthrax, pulmonary (Bacillus anthracis); aspiration pneumonia, pneumonitis; bronchitis, acute; bronchopneumonia; pneumonia (Burkholderia pseudomallei, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus, MSSA, MRSA, other gram‐negative bacteria); viral infection (eg, influenza A, B, adenovirus, H1N1, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus); fungal infection (aspergillosis, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and aspergilloma, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii); pulmonary tuberculosis; lung abscess; viral infection (eg, influenza A, B, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, avian influenza virus); fungal infection (aspergillosis, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and aspergilloma, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii) Neoplasms benign neoplasms: upper airways (eg, vocal cord polyps, nasal polyps, juvenile papillomatosis); lungs and pleura (eg, solitary pulmonary nodule, bronchial carcinoid tumors) malignant neoplasms upper airways: lip, oral cavity, and pharynx; head and neck cancer; larynx; trachea lower airways and pleura: malignant neoplasms of bronchus and/or lung (squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, large cell, small cell); malignant neoplasms of pleura (mesothelioma); secondary malignant neoplasms of lung; secondary malignant neoplasms of pleura metastatic neoplasms including pleural Obstructive airway disease: asthma, reactive airway disease; bronchiectasis; chronic airway obstruction; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema Pneumoconiosis/fibrosing/restrictive pulmonary disorders/interstitial lung disease: pneumoconiosis; asbestosis; silicosis; silo-filler's lung, byssinosis, bagassosis, berylliosis; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; hypereosinophilic syndromes, Loeffler syndrome; interstitial pneumonia, usual (UIP), desquamative (DIP), nonspecific Respiratory failure/respiratory arrest and pulmonary vascular disorders: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); pulmonary hypertension; pulmonary vascular disorders, arteriovenous fistula; pulmonary edema, pulmonary cause and unspecified; pulmonary embolism; air and fat embolism; respiratory failure due to enteral feeding Metabolic, regulatory, and structural disorders: disorders of gas exchange; hypoventilation; hypoxia; pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; ventilation-perfusion imbalance Disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall: chylothorax; costochondritis; empyema; hemothorax; mediastinitis; pleural effusion; pleuritis; pneumomediastinum; pneumothorax Traumatic and mechanical disorders upper airways: epistaxis; barotrauma, sinus; laryngeal/pharyngeal obstruction; tracheoesophageal fistula; tracheal stenosis; tracheomalacia; trauma (eg, tracheal injury); foreign body (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea); traumatic/mechanical disorders of the nasal cavity/sinuses (eg, septal perforation) lower airways and pleura: atelectasis; diaphragm/chest wall injury; drowning and neardrowning; foreign body, upper and lower respiratory tract; penetrating chest wounds; pulmonary contusion; sleep apnea, obstructive and central; hypoventilation syndrome, obesity-hypoventilation syndrome Congenital disorders: bronchogenic cysts; congenital cysts; congenital diaphragmatic hernia; pulmonary sequestration; immotile cilia syndrome Adverse effects of drugs on the respiratory system: bleomycin, amiodarone; adverse effects of 100% oxygen; acute effects of tobacco/nicotine, inhalants, cocaine Gastrointestinal System Normal Processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes Organ structure and function anatomy of the alimentary canal, including mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, peritoneal cavity liver and biliary system, including enterohepatic circulation salivary glands and exocrine pancreas gastrointestinal motility, including defecation digestion and absorption Cell/tissue structure and function endocrine and neural regulatory functions, including GI hormones (eg, gastrin) salivary, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, hepatic secretory products, including enzymes, proteins, bile salts, and processes synthetic and metabolic functions of hepatocytes Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life Gastrointestinal defense mechanisms and normal flora Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders infectious disorders bacterial: pseudomembranous colitis (Clostridium difficile); enteritis/enteric infections (includes gastroenteritis) (eg, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter species, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella species, Shigella species, traveler's/infectious diarrhea); hepatic abscess, subhepatic abscess, subphrenic abscess; peritonitis, primary and secondary; Whipple disease viral: infectious esophagitis (eg, CMV, herpes); hepatitis A, B, C, D, E; coxsackievirus enteritis/colitis; Echovirus enteritis/colitis; rotavirus enteritis; mumps; gingivostomatitis, herpetic fungal: thrush parasitic: Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia, Isospora belli, Strongyloides stercoralis immunologic and inflammatory disorders: autoimmune hepatitis; celiac disease; eosinophilic esophagitis; granulomatous enteritis; inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn disease, regional enteritis, microscopic colitis (collagenous and lymphocytic colitis), ulcerative colitis, toxic megacolon Neoplasms benign neoplasms, including polyps, cysts: stomach; small intestine; colon, rectum, and anus, including polyps malignant neoplasms and pre-malignant conditions: oral cancer (eg, lips, mouth, tongue, salivary glands); esophageal, squamous and adenocarcinoma; Barrett esophagus; gastrinoma, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors; gastrointestinal stromal tumors; small intestine; stomach, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, MALT; colon, rectum, anus; hereditary colon cancer syndromes, familial adenomatous polyposis (eg, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Gardner syndrome, Turcot syndrome, ); MUTYH-associated polyposis; gallbladder, cholangiocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater; liver, including hepatoma; peritoneal cancer, including metastatic studding with cancer; pancreas metastatic neoplasms Signs, symptoms, and ill-defined disorders: upper gastrointestinal bleeding; lower gastrointestinal bleeding; constipation; diarrhea; hematochezia; bright red rectal bleeding; melena; nausea, vomiting, rumination Disorders of the oral cavity, salivary glands, and esophagus oral cavity and salivary glands: abscessed tooth; dental caries; malocclusion; disorders of the salivary glands (eg, stones, sialadenitis, parotitis) esophagus: achalasia and cardiospasm; dysphagia; diverticulum (eg, Zenker); esophageal periapical abscess without sinus; esophagitis/esophageal reflux (GERD); esophagitis, pill; Mallory-Weiss syndrome; paraesophageal (hiatal) hernia; stricture and stenosis of esophagus Disorders of the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, anus stomach: dyspepsia/hyperacidity; gastric ulcer; gastritis; peptic ulcer; peptic ulcer perforation; gastroparesis small intestine, colon: appendicitis; angiodysplasia; diverticula, diverticulitis, diverticulosis; duodenitis, duodenal ulcer, peptic ulcer; gastroenteritis and colitis (noninfectious); granulomatous enterocolitis; Hirschsprung disease; impaction of intestine; intestinal obstruction/stricture; intussusception; irritable colon/irritable bowel syndrome; mesenteric ischemia/ischemic bowel/ischemic colitis; necrotizing enterocolitis; paralytic ileus; volvulus; malnutrition and malabsorption, including lactose intolerance, short bowel syndrome rectum and anus: abscess of anal and rectal regions; anal fissure; anal fistula; ulcer; fecal incontinence; hemorrhage (rectum, anus); proctitis; hemorrhoids; rectal prolapse Disorders of the liver and biliary system, noninfectious liver: cirrhosis; Dubin-Johnson, Rotor syndromes; end-stage liver disease, including indications for transplantation; Gilbert syndrome, Crigler-Najjar syndrome; hepatic coma/hepatic encephalopathy; hepatitis, noninfectious; hepatitis, fatty liver, alcoholic; hepatorenal syndrome; hepatopulmonary syndrome; jaundice; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; portal hypertension/esophageal varices biliary system: bile duct obstruction/cholestasis; cholangitis, including ascending; choledocholithiasis; cholelithiasis/cholecystitis; cholestasis due to parenteral nutrition; gallstone ileus; Mirizzi syndrome; primary biliary cirrhosis; primary sclerosing cholangitis Disorders of the pancreas: pancreatitis, acute; pancreatitis, chronic; pancreatitis, hereditary; pancreatic cyst/pseudocyst; pancreatic duct obstruction; pancreatic insufficiency Disorders of the peritoneal cavity: ascites Traumatic and mechanical disorders: abdominal wall defects; adhesions, postsurgical; digestive system complications of surgery; post-gastric surgery syndromes (eg, blind loop syndrome, adhesions); duodenal tear; foreign body in digestive system; inguinal, femoral, and abdominal wall hernias; open wound, abdominal; perforation of hollow viscus and blunt trauma; perforation/rupture of esophagus (Boerhaave syndrome); umbilical hernia Congenital disorders: annular pancreas, biliary atresia, cleft lip and palate, esophageal atresia, malrotation without volvulus, Meckel diverticulum, pyloric stenosis, tracheoesophageal fistula Adverse effects of drugs on the gastrointestinal system: drug-induced changes in motility (chronic laxative abuse, opioids); drug-induced gastritis, duodenitis, peptic ulcer disease (NSAIDs); drug-induced hepatitis (eg, acetaminophen, isoniazid); drug-induced pancreatitis (eg, thiazide diuretics) Renal & Urinary System Normal Processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes Organ structure and function kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra glomerular filtration and hemodynamics urine concentration and dilution renal mechanisms in acid-base balance renal mechanisms in body fluid homeostasis micturition Cell/tissue structure and function renal metabolism and oxygen consumption tubular reabsorption and secretion, including transport processes and proteins hormones produced by or acting on the kidney (eg, renin, aldosterone, angiotensin II, vasopressin) Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders infectious disorders upper urinary tract: granulomatous pyelonephritis; perinephric abscess; pyelonephritis; pyonephrosis; renal abscess; renal tuberculosis lower urinary tract and urinary tract infections of unspecified location: cystitis; chlamydial and nonchlamydial immunologic and inflammatory disorders upper urinary tract glomerular disorders: Alport syndrome; glomerular disease due to hepatitis B, C; glomerulonephritis, including poststreptococcal; IgA nephropathy; lupus nephritis; minimal change disease; nephrotic syndrome; thin basement membrane disease tubular interstitial disease: acute tubular necrosis (ATN); acute interstitial nephritis; papillary necrosis; HIV nephropathy lower urinary tract: interstitial cystitis Neoplasms benign neoplasms and cysts: polycystic kidney disease malignant neoplasms: renal (eg, Wilms tumor/nephroblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, renal tumors associated with congenital/hereditary conditions); urinary bladder and collecting system Signs, symptoms, and ill-defined disorders: dysuria; hematuria; oliguria, anuria; proteinuria Metabolic and regulatory disorders: acute kidney injury; renal insufficiency; azotemia, uremic syndrome; chronic kidney disease, including end-stage renal disease; cystinuria; Fanconi syndrome; hypertensive renal disease (renal complications of hypertension); renal calculi, ureteral calculi, nephrolithiasis; renal tubular acidosis Vascular disorders: renal artery stenosis (atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, nephrosclerosis); renal vein thrombosis; renal infarction Traumatic and mechanical disorders: bladder rupture; neurogenic bladder; obstructive uropathy; posterior urethral valves; renal laceration; renal vascular injury; ureteral laceration/avulsion/disruption; urethral diverticulum; urethral/ureteral obstruction/stricture/prolapse; urinary incontinence, including secondary enuresis; vesicoureteral reflux Congenital disorders: double ureters/ureteral duplication/double collecting system; horseshoe kidney; hydronephrosis/reflux; renal agenesis, renal hypoplasia, renal dysplasia; single kidney Adverse effects of drugs on the renal and urinary system: ACE inhibitors; aminoglycosides; amphotericin B; cisplatin; furosemide; gadolinium (nephrogenic systemic fibrosis); heroin; iodinated contrast dye; lithium; NSAIDs; penicillins; sulfa drugs; tenofovir; drug - induced urinary retention Pregnancy, Childbirth, & the Puerperium Normal Processes Organ structure and function: pregnancy, including fertilization, implantation, development of embryo, labor and delivery, the puerperium, lactation, gestational uterus, placenta Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Prenatal care preconception counseling and care: folate deficiency prevention; immunizations; nutritional assessment, including vitamins; Rh screening prenatal risk assessment/prevention: adolescent pregnancy; antepartum fetal evaluation, including biophysical profile; genetic screening; α-fetoprotein; diabetes mellitus; neural tube defects; Rh isoimmunization supervision of normal pregnancy: assessment of gestational age; iron deficiency prevention; nutrition, including weight management; surveillance, including ultrasonography and assessment of fetal growth; vitamin deficiency prevention; infections, maternal, fetal, newborn (focus on prevention and screening): cytomegalovirus, coxsackievirus, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex viruses, HIV, influenza virus, parvovirus B19 virus, rubella virus, varicella-zoster virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Streptococcus agalactiae, Toxoplasma gondii, amnionitis; asymptomatic urinary tract infection Obstetric complications: abortion, induced, septic, missed, spontaneous, threatened; acute fatty liver of pregnancy; anemia of pregnancy, sickle cell disease, thalassemia in pregnancy; antepartum hemorrhage, including third-trimester bleeding; cardiomyopathy of pregnancy; cervical incompetence, cervical shortening; cholestasis of pregnancy, intrahepatic; congenital abnormalities, maternal (eg, bicornuate uterus); ectopic pregnancy; fetal abnormality affecting management of mother (eg, hydrocephalus, spina bifida); fetal growth restriction; gestational diabetes; maternal mortality; multiple gestation; placental abnormalities (abruptio placentae, placenta previa, premature separation of placenta); polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios; preeclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, gestational hypertension; prolonged pregnancy; Rh isoimmunization affecting management of mother; vomiting in pregnancy (morning sickness, hyperemesis gravidarum); trauma in pregnancy; infections complicating pregnancy Labor and delivery: labor and delivery, uncomplicated; labor and delivery, complicated, including shoulder dystocia; cesarean delivery, including complications; cord compression, cord prolapse; fetal malpresentations (eg, breech); intrapartum fetal evaluation, including fetal heart tones; intrapartum prophylaxis (eg, HIV, Chlamydia, gonococcal prophylaxis); premature rupture of membranes; preterm (before 37 weeks' gestation) and postdates labor and delivery; threatened preterm labor Puerperium, including complications: lactation problems; breast-feeding problems; lochia; postpartum cardiomyopathy; postpartum blues; postpartum hemorrhage; postpartum sepsis; retained placenta, products of conception (eg, placenta accreta); uterine atony Newborn (birth to 4 weeks of age) normal newborn examination of liveborn at admission to hospital screening, newborn disorders of the newborn: screening, newborn; ABO incompatibility in newborn; hemolytic disease due to Rh incompatibility; birth asphyxia syndrome (liveborn neonate); birth trauma (eg, cord compression, brachial palsy, lacerations); drug withdrawal syndrome in newborn; feeding problems in newborn; fetal growth and development abnormalities, including fetal growth restriction; gastrointestinal obstruction; hypocalcemia of newborn; infections, congenital or peripartum (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses, HIV, hepatitis B, rubella virus, parvovirus B19 virus, varicella zoster virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Treponema pallidum, Toxoplasma gondii); intrapartum fetal distress/death including stillborn; jaundice, fetal/neonatal/perinatal; laryngomalacia; macrosomia (large for gestational age); meconium aspiration syndrome; neonatal acne; neonatal Candida infection (thrush); neonatal hypoglycemia; neonatal conjunctivitis and dacryocystitis; ophthalmic gonorrhea; phenylketonuria; premature infant; postterm infant; pseudomembranous colitis of infancy; respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease); respiratory problems after birth (eg, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, tracheomalacia; tracheoesophageal fistula in neonates); retinitis of prematurity; seizures in newborn; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), apparent life-threatening event (ALTE); tetanus neonatorum Congenital disorders, neonatal: congenital malformations and anomalies; neonatal hydrocele Adverse effects of drugs on pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium: alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD); prenatal radiation exposure; teratology (eg, ACE inhibitors, SSRIs, warfarin, infections, toxins) Systemic disorders affecting pregnancy, labor and delivery, and puerperium: appendicitis; asthma; carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy; cirrhosis; deep venous thrombosis (DVT); diabetes mellitus; heart failure, valvular heart disease;hypertension; myasthenia gravis; obesity; pancreatitis; psychiatric disorders; renal calculus/calculi; renal failure/renal disease, including SLE; seizure disorders; thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism Female Reproductive System & Breast Normal Processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and perinatal changes, gametogenesis Organ structure and function female structure, including breast female function (eg, ovulation, menstrual cycle, puberty) intercourse, sexual response Cell/tissue structure and function: hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, sex steroids, and gestational hormones Reproductive system defense mechanisms and normal flora Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Breast infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders: breast abscess; inflammatory disease of breast, fat necrosis; mastitis; nipple discharge neoplasms benign and undefined neoplasms: breast cyst, solitary; fibrocystic changes; fibroadenoma; hypertrophy of breast; intraductal papilloma malignant neoplasms (including screening): breast cancer; intraductal carcinoma; Paget disease of breast; phyllodes tumors Female reproductive system infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders: bacterial vaginosis; Bartholin gland abscess; cellulitis, pelvic; candidiasis of the vulva or vagina; lichen sclerosus; sexually transmitted infections and exposure; cervicitis and endocervicitis; chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi); genital herpes; gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae); human papillomavirus infection, genital/venereal/anal warts, condylomata acuminata; lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis), non-lymphogranuloma venereum; pelvic inflammatory disease; Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome; salpingitis and oophoritis; syphilis (Treponema pallidum); trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis); urethritis; vaginitis; vulvovaginitis Neoplasms of the cervix, ovary, uterus, vagina, and vulva benign neoplasms and cysts: abnormal Pap smear; benign neoplasm of ovary; endocervical and endometrial polyps; leiomyomata uteri; ovarian cyst malignant and precancerous neoplasms: cervical cancer; HPV causing cancer; cervical dysplasia, HPV causing dysplasia; endometrial hyperplasia; endometrial/uterine cancer; gestational trophoblastic disease (hydatidiform mole); ovarian cancer; vulvar dysplasia and cancer Fertility and infertility: assisted reproductive techniques (ART); contraception (eg, oral contraceptives, IUD, vaginal cap, cervical sponge, diaphragm, implant, morning-after pill, male and female condoms); female infertility; gonadal dysgenesis 45,X (Turner syndrome); sterilization; tubal factors; infertility Menopause: ovarian failure, premature menopause; perimenopause; premenopausal menorrhagia; postmenopausal atrophic vaginitis (vaginal atrophy); postmenopausal bleeding; vasomotor symptoms Menstrual and endocrine disorders: abnormal uterine bleeding, including perimenopausal; absence of menstruation (primary amenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea including undiagnosed pregnancy); anovulation; dysmenorrhea; endometriosis; hirsutism, virilization; mittelschmerz; pelvic pain; polycystic ovarian syndrome; postcoital bleeding; premenstrual syndrome Sexual dysfunction: dyspareunia; orgasmic dysfunction; sexual desire/arousal syndrome; vaginismus Traumatic and mechanical disorders: Asherman syndrome; chronic inversion of uterus; chronic pelvic pain syndrome; cystocele; imperforate hymen; injuries, wounds, and burns affecting the female reproductive system and injuries, wounds, burns, and blast injuries; ovarian torsion; pelvic relaxation; prolapse, vaginal walls, uterine, uterovaginal; rectocele; urethrocele Congenital disorders: müllerian agenesis; uterus didelphys, bicornuate uterus; short cervix Adverse effects of drugs on the female reproductive system and breast: antihistamines, H2-receptor blockers; benzodiazepines; beta-adrenergic blockers; hormone replacement; opioids; spironolactone; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; tricyclic antidepressants Male Reproductive System Normal Processes Embryonic development, fetal maturation, and neonatal changes, gametogenesis Organ structure and function structure, male genitalia and prostate function, male genitalia and prostate (eg, spermatogenesis, puberty) intercourse, orgasm, erection Cell/tissue structure and function, including hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, sex steroids, and gestational hormones Reproductive system defense mechanisms and normal flora Repair, regeneration, and changes associated with stage of life Abnormal Processes: Health and Health Maintenance, Screening, Diagnosis, Management, Risks, Prognosis Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders infectious disorders: balan
United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1
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USMLE United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1

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USMLE
USMLE
United States Medical Licensing Examination
https://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/USMLE
Answer: A
Question: 389
Capillary loops located in the medulla are also known as _________.
A. Vasa recta
B. Urea collectors
C. Trigone
D. Macula densa
Answer: A
Question: 390
The primary function of the descending loop of Henle in the kidney is?
A. Reabsorption of sodium ions
B. Reabsoption of water by osmosis
C. Secretion of hydrogen ions
D. Secretion of potassium ions
Answer: B
Question: 391
Which of the following is not considered a part of the male urethra?
A. Prostatic
B. Membranous
C. Vasapore
D. Penile
Answer: C
Question: 392
When glucose if found in urine it is called _____.
A. Glucosuria
B. Uremia
C. Ureteritis
D. Glucose intolerance
97
Answer: A
Question: 393
Which of the following is not considered a component of kidney stones?
A. Calcium phosphate
B. Uric Acid
C. Calcium oxalate
D. HCO3
Answer: D
Question: 394
The one of the functions occurring at the distal convoluted tubule in the kidney is?
A. Passive secretion of hydrogen ions
B. Passive secretion of potassium ions
C. Limited re-absorption of water
D. No re-absorption of sodium
Answer: B
Question: 395
ADH has which of the following effects on the distal convoluted
tubule?
A. Decrease water re-absorption
B. Increase water re-absorption
C. Decrease the concentration of urine
D. Increase the urine volume
Answer: B
Question: 396
Which of the following is not associated with the role of the kidneys?
A. Release of erythropoietin (hormone)
B. Release of renin (enzyme)
C. Release of Vitamin E
D. Activate Vitamin D
Answer: C
98
Question: 397
Each kidney contains approximately ______ nephrons.
A. 10 million
B. 1 million
C. 100,000
D. 10,000
Answer: B
Question: 398
The release of Angiotension II causes which of the following to occur?
A. Increased filtration rate
B. Decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure
C. Increase synthesis of Vitamin E
D. Increased release of erythropoietin
Answer: A
Question: 399
Which of the following is an effect of a diuretic?
A. Decreased Cardiac Output
B. Increased fluid volume
C. Increased sodium re-absorption
D. Increased chloride ion re-absorption
Answer: A
Question: 400
Which of the following is not considered a loop diuretic?
A. Bumetadine (BUMEX)
B. Furosemide (LASIX)
C. Chlorthiazide (DIURIL)
D. Ethacrynic Acid (EDECRIN)
Answer: C
99
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There are a few different ways that Anki is usually incorporated into Step 1 studying:

Pre-Made decks

Zanki and Anking are two pre-made decks that have been curated over accurate years to capture the best and most high yield Step 1 content from almost any and all resources that students find useful, including Pathoma, First Aid, Sketchy, etc. Both decks are very large and extremely comprehensive, sometimes emphasizing information that isn’t always high-yield or testable.

Making your own cards (content)

For some students, taking traditional handwritten or typed notes is cumbersome and disengaging. With that in mind, it’s not uncommon that students will do their “note taking” by taking the material they find in resources like First Aid, Boards and Beyond, etc and creating their own cards to capture the content in whatever way makes the most sense for them.

Making your own cards (missed questions)

Knowing that UWorld offers a wealth of information in the explanation of answer choices and through outlining the educational objectives of different question types, it should be no surprise that a lot of that content can be ideal for Anki. In this approach it’s important to do your best to pinpoint specific and succinct knowledge gaps so that you can make cards that aren’t so dense that they’re not helpful. It’s important to note that if not appropriately focused, this approach can be incredibly time intensive and can sometimes not be the most productive way to use your time, so be thoughtful in how you incorporate this into your overall study strategy.

Fri, 03 Dec 2021 01:09:00 -0600 en text/html https://www.bcm.edu/education/school-of-medicine/m-d-program/current-students/student-affairs/discovery-integration-success-community-outreach/usmle-step-1-and-2-registration
Your guide to midterm exams

Midterm exams are not the only opportunity for a student to showcase their knowledge and understanding of a particular course, but they are often the first indicator of how well a student is absorbing, processing and retaining the class material.

For students, midterms can offer an accurate barometer for judging if your current study strategy is effective, or if changes are required.

Do all classes have midterm exams?

All courses at Brandeis International Business School are either two or four credits. Four-credit courses last the whole semester and are more likely to have midterms, while two-credit or module courses are a half-semester long and typically do not. While final exams vary in four-credit courses, as some may have final projects or capstones instead, the norm for these classes is to have at least one midterm exam.

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When are midterm exams and what should I expect?

Midterm exams are typically held, unsurprisingly, in the middle of the semester. During the fall semester, which runs from late August to early December, midterms typically occur in October. During the spring semester, which starts in January and ends at the beginning of May, midterms are typically administered in March.

Unlike final exams, which are scheduled by the university’s Registrar, midterm exams are typically scheduled during class time by the professor. Some classes may have two midterm exams, in which case they are spread further throughout the semester. Professors outline these exams in the course syllabus, so they will not come as a surprise. The weight of each midterm exam on the final grade is also usually provided in the course syllabus. Many instructors are open to telling students about the format of the midterm exam, as well as the courses or themes that the exam will cover.

Ready for exams

Yale University Library

What is the best way to prepare for a midterm and what resources are available to students?

The most effective way to feel prepared for a midterm exam is to first attend each class, and complete all of the homework assignments in a timely manner. One should also take advantage of the professor’s and the teaching assistant’s office hours when the class material is challenging or unclear. It is easier to correct these issues before a minor struggle becomes seemingly insurmountable.

It is smart to review previous homework assignments, go through the course’s slides and materials, and consult notes taken during each class. Typically, teaching assistants and professors hold additional office hours during the midterm period to allow students to raise their concerns and to get clarifications they might need on class material. It is also useful to know the duration and the format of the questions — whether they will be short answers, problems to solve out, multiple choice questions, etc. — so that students can cater their study guides and process to match.

How do you proceed after the midterm?

After the midterm exam, students who did well can be reassured that they have mastered the material. They should continue to work at the same pace on the material that follows to prepare for the final exam or project. They should also make sure that they understand any mistakes, to ensure they do not repeat them. It’s also a good idea to see if there were any gaps in their study strategy.

If students did not do as well on the midterm as they hoped, there are still ways to ensure success moving forward. Most professors will hold a review of the exam, and students should take advantage of one-on-one time with their professor and teaching assistant to make sure they fully grasp the material. The sooner this is done the better, as the pace of the course may pick up as the term progresses.

Sometimes it also helps to connect with friends in the class who may have done better on the exam, just to get a different perspective on the material. Students may also seek out a tutor to work with them on the material they are struggling with, but the important thing is that they do something. The ultimate goal is that they have a tailored study plan to ensure they will not repeat their mistakes. This is also important because the final exam might be cumulative, meaning it might cover the material from the beginning of the course, which includes the material on the midterm. Therefore, preparation is key. 

If after a conversation with the professor and a student’s academic advisor, they still feel like the course will pose an insurmountable challenge, they may elect to drop the class and take it in a later semester, or, depending on the timing, elect to take the course pass/fail, or switch to auditing the class.

What is the impact of the midterm exam on the final grade?

The impact of the midterm exam depends on the weight it is assigned by the professor. Generally speaking, this can be between 20 to 35%, leaving 65 to 80% of a student’s final grade on other components, such as homework assignments, class participation, final projects, etc. Receiving a bad grade on the midterm may not be an indicator that a student will do poorly overall. Students who did not do well on the midterm, however, will have to work harder to ensure they grasp the new material while addressing the concerns raised by their midterm performance. While this requires dedication and a lot of commitment, it is certainly possible to come out on top.

Student Insights features blog posts and videos produced by current students and accurate graduates of Brandeis International Business School. The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here belong solely to the author.

Mon, 21 Jun 2021 10:42:00 -0500 en text/html https://www.brandeis.edu/global/student-insights/your-guide-to-midterm-exams.html
Student Procedures for Exams

Failure to Abide by Department Regulations (Exam Procedures)

Procedures for taking exams (whether during the semester or final exams) are established by professors and the Registrar’s Office. Each final exam period the Registrar’s Office publishes the procedures for examinations.  Students are responsible for knowing and following these procedures. 

Breaches of examination procedures include, but are not limited to:

  1. Bringing a cell phone, ipad/tablet/laptop, or any device with internet connection into an exam room.
  2. Exceeding the time permitted on the exam (i.e. turning the exam in past the end of the exam period).
  3. Communication of any kind in the examination room.
  4. Taking a special examination in a non-designated room or taking a regular examination in a special writing room.
  5. Leaving the designated exam areas or leaving the building before the completed exam has been returned to the exam center proctor.
  6. Bringing outside materials, including calculators, into exam rooms. Exams with special permissions (i.e. use of a calculator) must be taken in the designated special writing exam rooms.  The calculator may not be an internet connected device (i.e. smartphone).
  7. Excessive noise within the examination center.
  8. Using substances in an examination room.

The following pledge must be written and signed on every exam before it is handed in for grading:

“I promise neither to supply nor receive any aid on this examination.”

Students must complete final examinations in designated rooms, unless otherwise specified by the professor.  The exam (both questions and answers) must be returned to the Exam Center staff, sealed in the envelope with the Honor Pledge signed.

The Honor Code applies to all students enrolled at the College.

Additional information about taking exams at Connecticut College can be found here

Self-Scheduled exam Procedures

  1. The instructor supplies an examination for each student enrolled for credit. The examination must display the student's name, course number and instructor's name.
  2. To receive an examination, the student appears at the appropriate exam center, fills out a sign-in form, and provides identification (license with photo or other picture ID required).
  3. Except for special examinations (exam printed on colored paper, or have a colored sheet of paper as the cover sheet) which must be written in designated rooms, the student selects a writing room in the building in which the exam was distributed and may not leave the building until the completed examination has been returned to the exam center proctor. Cell phones, ipads/tablets/laptops, or any devices with internet connection are never permitted in any exam rooms.
  4. No outside materials, including calculators, are permitted, except for special examinations where the material is explicitly indicated. The exams which allow materials and/or calculators must be taken in the Special Writing Rooms (exams are printed on colored paper, or have a colored sheet of paper as the cover sheet). As a reminder, cell phones, ipads/tablets/laptops, or any devices with internet connection are never permitted in any exam rooms.
  5. All exams must be returned to the exam proctor at the end of the official writing time (11:30 a.m. for morning sessions, 4 p.m. for afternoon sessions and 8:30 p.m. for evening sessions).  The exam centers open 20 minutes before each exam session. The exam writing time is three hours. If you pick up an exam early, it must be returned early (a student may not have an exam in their possession for more than three hours). Picking up an exam after the start of an examination session (8:30 a.m., 1 p.m., or 5:30 p.m.) does not extend the end of the exam session.
  6. Students must sign the honor pledge on the exam envelope. When the examination has been completed, the examination sheet or test booklet and blue book(s) used must be placed in the envelope provided. The envelope must be sealed, and the identifying information supplied on the front.  The envelope is returned to the exam proctor, who will provide a receipt.

Reminders

  • You may not leave the building with an exam
  • Return all exam materials to the exam proctor
  • All exams MUST be returned no later than 11:30 a.m., 4 p.m., or 8:30 p.m. in order to be in compliance with exam procedures
  • Cell phones, ipads/tablets/laptops, or any devices with internet connection are never permitted in any exam rooms.

 

Please be aware of the following end-of-semester reminders: 

Incompletes

To negotiate an incomplete (deadline is 11:30a.m. on Wednesday, May 17), see the instructor and your dean.  Incomplete forms are available from the Deans Office.   

Bills

Please pay all of your bills prior to leaving campus.  Under College policy, unpaid bills will result in a Transcript Hold which will delay the processing of transcript requests.

Leave/Other Departures

Degree-seeking undergraduate students who do not expect to be enrolled in the College for the following semester are reminded that the appropriate leave forms should be filed with the Dean of the College.  Filing the form will prevent you from receiving bills for next semester, allow the college to reallocate residential space, and open course seats to others.

Sun, 21 Sep 2014 10:23:00 -0500 en text/html https://www.conncoll.edu/academics/registrar/final-exams/student-procedures-for-exams/
Medical Students at 10 Schools Receive Free Access to Next-Gen Study Planner for USMLE Exams

Blueprint Prep's customizable tool helps medical school students organize their study schedules for USMLE exams to manage stress and keep from being overwhelmed.

LOS ANGELES, May 17, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Blueprint Prep, the leading platform for innovative test prep and tutoring solutions, recently announced a resource agreement it formed with ten medical schools — USC Keck, SUNY Upstate, San Juan Bautista, and PONCE to name a few. Under the agreement, students at the schools will have free access to Cram Fighter, Blueprint Prep's all-in-one, customizable study planner, to help them manage hectic schedules and stay on top of their USMLE exam requirements.

The platform boasts average ratings of higher than four-and-a-half stars out of five by thousands of medical school students, and Blueprint Prep has also conducted user surveys indicating that target exam scores are easier to reach with Cram Fighter than without.

"We always hear the upperclassmen telling new students, 'You have to use Cram Fighter. Just let Cram Fighter organize your tasks,'" said Ranna Nash, Assistant Professor of Clinical Medical Education and Assistant Dean for Student Development at Keck School of Medicine at USC. "We're thrilled to have this partnership with Blueprint Prep so that we can offer such a powerful resource to students at no cost."

Navigating a medical school curriculum involves a massive amount of learning, with dense course content piled on top of preparation for medical exams like USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examination), COMLEX (Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensure Examination) and Shelf Exams. Within this flood of information, even the most organized students can feel unable to manage their time, and many students arrive at medical school without much knowledge of how to create an effective learning schedule. This increases the mental load students must bear in their first year, especially.

Cram Fighter was designed to contain all the time management tools students need in one place, saving hours of organization time, reducing stress, and providing a thorough breakdown of what each individual needs to learn, and when, to stay on track in prepping for demanding medical exams. By dividing books, question banks, lectures, and flashcards across students' study schedules, Cram Fighter generates a manageable daily to-do list based on when students say they want to take an exam.

And because almost every student falls behind in their preparation at some point, Cram Fighter includes a rebalancing tool to move overdue tasks to future days with a single button. The platform also features calendar sync capability, overwork alerts, and a full index of top exam resources based on usage data from genuine medical school students.

"We have always believed that the right solutions show the power of lifelong professional learning," said Matt Riley, Co-Founder and CEO of Blueprint Prep. "Putting Cram Fighter in the hands of these talented medical students does just that — it gives them the support they need right now to raise their scores, but it also lays a foundation for the excellent care they will provide their patients throughout their future careers."

To learn more about Cram Fighter's track record and innovative capabilities, visit https://blueprintprep.com/medical/med-school/study-schedule. If you are a faculty member at a medical school and would like to inquire about getting Cram Fighter for your students, please visit https://blueprintprep.com/medical/institutions.

About Blueprint Prep

Founded in 2005, Blueprint Prep is the leading platform for high-stakes test prep in the U.S., offering live and self-paced online courses, private tutoring, self-study materials, and application consulting services for pre-law, pre-med, and medical school students, as well as Qbanks for residents and practicing physicians, PAs and NPs via its accurate acquisition of Rosh Review. Blueprint Prep leverages a unique approach that combines engaging video lectures, unparalleled expertise in content creation, the latest adaptive learning technology, and personalized study planning tools. Blueprint Prep has produced unrivaled results, including industry-leading score increases for its pre-law and pre-med students taking the LSAT and MCAT. For more information, visit Blueprintprep.com.

View original content to obtain multimedia:https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/medical-students-at-10-schools-receive-free-access-to-next-gen-study-planner-for-usmle-exams-301826857.html

SOURCE Blueprint Test Preparation LLC

© 2023 Benzinga.com. Benzinga does not provide investment advice. All rights reserved.

Wed, 17 May 2023 02:06:00 -0500 text/html https://www.benzinga.com/pressreleases/23/05/n32445814/medical-students-at-10-schools-receive-free-access-to-next-gen-study-planner-for-usmle-exams
Exam Schedules

Select a term to view room assignments & schedules:

 Spring 2023Fall 2023

Faculty of Arts & Sciences, and the Undergraduate Schools of Business and Education

Exams will meet according to the schedule published here at the beginning of each semester's registration period. Unless informed otherwise, classes will meet in the regular classroom. Requests for larger rooms should be made by the instructor via email to the [[w|zimmer,Academic Scheduling Coordinator]].

  • Exams are based on the START DAY & TIME of the class, no matter how many time periods it crosses. For example, a class meeting from 8:00 - 9:50 a.m. MW would hold its exam in the 8:00 a.m. MWF time period.
  • Classes meeting at non-standard times on MW will have their exam in the time block reflected by the whole hour, e.g., a class meeting at 10:30 a.m. MW will have its exam in the 10:00 a.m. MWF block.
  • Classes that meet only one or two days per week that do not have a set final exam slot will have their exams with the time block represented by the traditional listing (MWF or TR).
  • Classes meeting at non-standard times on TR will have their exams with the time block immediately preceding. For example, a class meeting at 2:30 p.m. TR will have its exam in the 2:00 p.m. TR time block. A class that meets at 1:00 p.m. TR will have its exam in the 12:30 p.m. TR time block.
  • No exams will be held on the reading days.

Block exams for courses with multiple sections may be requested prior to the beginning of registration for the term, through the [[w|zimmer,Academic Scheduling Coordinator]]. For a class that does not have a meeting time but needs a room for an in-class exam, [[w|zimmer,contact the Academic Scheduling Coordinator]].

Review the Academic Regulations in the undergraduate course catalog for additional information on Final Exams.

Wed, 18 Apr 2018 09:57:00 -0500 en text/html https://www.wm.edu/offices/registrar/calendarsandexams/examschedules/index.php
Final exam Schedule

Boston College has different schedules for Undergraduate and Graduate courses as follows:

Undergraduate Course Exams

Undergraduate Courses Exams either have a standard exam or a common exam.

Standard exams: Undergraduate classes that meet in time slots starting between 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.

NOTE: some undergraduate courses with multiple sections may have a Common Exam; please review the Common exam tab for those courses to which this type of exam applies.

In situations where the class meeting time falls halfway between two time slots, use the corresponding exam time slot for the later time slot. For example, a class meeting MW starting at 8:30 should use the MWF 9 meeting time slot to determine the corresponding exam time.

Common Exams: some undergraduate courses with multiple class sections; these are grouped together to provide ease in the administration of the exams.  Review the Common exam tab for those courses to which this type of exam applies.

Graduate Course Exams

Graduate Courses Exams: meets on the same day of the week on which the class meets during the semester and follows this grid on the Graduate Courses Exams tab.

All Exams

Students should check their final exam schedule at bc.edu/myservices as the end of the semester approaches to confirm the time and room assignments for each of their exams.

Instructors should check their final exam schedule at bc.edu/myservices as the end of the semester approaches to confirm the time and room assignments for each of their exams. If your exam day/time/location does not appear on your list of exams in your Portal as expected, notify your Department Administrator immediately so it may be scheduled.  

NOTE: exams usually occur in the classroom in which the course is taught, but there may be exceptions. Please check the exam room assignment as your exam approaches.

Wed, 11 Sep 2019 11:42:00 -0500 en text/html https://www.bc.edu/bc-web/offices/student-services/registrar/final-exam-schedule.html.html
USMLE™ - United States Medical Licensing Examination Centers

USMLE™ - United States Medical Licensing Examination Centers

The following are postal addresses and phone numbers of the centers, where the US Medical Licensing Examination is held in India. This has started since May this year, with USMLE Step 1, and the Step 3 examination has also been shifted to the computer-based testing (CBT) since November 1

1. Chennai
PROMETRIC TESTING PVT. LTD.
NO - 15/7, 2nd FLOOR
JAGANNATHAN ROAD, NUNGAMBAKKAM
CHENNAI 600 034  
TEL : 044-2824 1840
2. Hyderabad
PROMETRIC TESTING PVT. LTD.
AVENUE 1, STREET 20, PLOT 1672, ROAD 12
BANJARA HILLS, HYDERABAD 500 034
TEL : 040- 2330 3903
3. Ahmedabad
PROMETRIC TESTING PVT. LTD.
301-302 ABHIJEET II
MITHA KHALI SIX ROADS
ELLISBRIDGE,
AHMEDABAD 380 006
TEL: 079-2656 1088
4. Bangalore
PROMETRIC TESTING PVT LTD
MAINI SADAN, IST FLOOR
NO. - 38, LAVELLE ROAD, 7TH CROSS RD
BANGALORE 560 001.
TEL: 080 - 2229 1770
5. Kolkata
PROMETRIC TESTING PVT. LTD.
FLAT 1/C SUKH SAGAR BLDG,,
2/5 SARAT BOSE ROAD
KOLKATA 700 020.
TEL: 033-2485 2792
6. Allahabad
Institute of Psychological & Educational Measurement
119/25-A, Mahatma Gandhi Marg
Civil Lines, Allahabad 211 001.
TEL: 0532-2427048
7. Mumbai
PROMETRIC TESTING PVT LTD.
MARWAH HOUSE, SAKI VIHAR ROAD,
SAKINAKA, ANDHERI (E)
MUMBAI 400 072.
TEL: 022-2857 3160
8. Mumbai
United States Education Foundation in India,
4 - New Marine Lines,
Mumbai 400 020.
Tel: 022 - 2262-4603
9.  New Delhi
PROMETRIC TESTING PVT LTD.
2ND FLOOR,
DLF INFINITY TOWER-A
GURGAON 122 002.
TEL : 0124 - 4147700
 


Viewers in these eight cities are requested to provide locality landmarks driving instructions, travel facilities from railway stations, airports or intercity bus depots. This will be of immense value to younger members of the medical fraternity. We shall be happy to publicly acknowledge the assistance that we receive.

Sat, 31 Mar 2018 07:30:00 -0500 text/html https://www.medindia.net/education/usmle/examcenters.htm
The Indian woman who writes exams for others who can't

Pushpa (right) says exam halls are like a second home for her

In 2007, a blind man asked Pushpa to guide him across a busy road in Bengaluru, a teeming metropolis in southern India. After they reached the other side, he made another request which changed her life.

"He asked me if I could write an exam for his friend," recalls Pushpa, who goes by one name.

She said yes, but when the day came, her excitement gave way to anxiety. She had never written an exam for someone else and didn't know what to expect.

Many Indian students with physical or learning disabilities use a scribe to write exams on their behalf. They dictate answers to the scribe, who notes them down. As per government guidelines, scribes are not allowed to write for any subject they themselves have studied at university level. They can get a defined fee for exams conducted by the government, but most of the time, the work is voluntary.

"It was three hours of tension. The candidate was dictating the answers very slowly and was asking me to read out the questions again and again," says Pushpa, who chose to help out for free.

But she did enough to help 19-year-old Hema (who uses one name) pass her school final exams.

Soon, an NGO working with blind people approached Pushpa for help and then other students. In the past 16 years, Pushpa has written over 1,000 exams, free of charge.

"Exam halls are like a second home for me," she tells the BBC.

In addition to school and university exams, Pushpa has also helped candidates appearing in entrance exams and selection tests for government jobs.

Pushpa (centre) with two visually impaired examination candidates

"Now it is routine work for me. I don't feel any stress," she says, adding that the experience has helped her learn about many subjects she had no knowledge in - from history to statistics.

She has helped blind students, those with cerebral palsy, Down's syndrome, autism, dyslexia and students incapacitated by accidents.

But it can be challenging sometimes. When working with students with cerebral palsy, which often impairs speech, Pushpa says she has to "concentrate hard and look at their [the students'] lip movements to try to understand words".

But she takes it in stride. She has helped Karthik (he goes by one name), who uses a wheelchair, write 47 exams.

It was a crises that forged their long association. During a school exam, Kartik's scribe left abruptly and Pushpa stepped in to help. The 25-year-old says he greatly appreciates her continual support since then.

"I'm lucky to get a scribe like Pushpa. Scribes are really like gods for us," he says.

Working together for years has given them a great understanding of each other - Karthik has now graduated and is preparing for government clerical recruitment exams.

"I have written multiple exams for many students and each one has a unique story," Pushpa says.

Karthik says scribes like Pushpa are like gods to him

In the third week of March, Pushpa wrote a university degree exam paper for 19-year-old Bhoomika Valmiki.

Ms Valmiki, who is blind, uses tools that convert text to audio to study, but such apps cannot be used during exams.

"I can only move forward in my life if Pushpa writes for me," Ms Valmiki says.

"Pushpa was very patient and waited till I finished my answers. She never distracted me and repeated my answers before writing them down," she adds.

Most people who seek Pushpa's help have struggled to get into university, yet she says her empathy won't undermine her integrity.

"My job is to write what they say," she says. "I have no choice when they ask me to tick a wrong answer or dictate a sentence which is grammatically incorrect. I can't intervene."

When students who speak other languages struggle to understand English words she translates the word for them. "That is the only help I give," Pushpa says.

Writing different exams has also helped to Improve Pushpa's knowledge

Pushpa comes from a poor family. After her father was injured in an accident, her mother worked hard to feed her and her brother.

"At one point, me and my brother had to drop out of school because we couldn't pay fees," she recalls.

A stranger stepped in to help and Pushpa says she volunteers as a scribe to supply back this goodness to society.

She has taken up several small jobs over the years to make a living, but the past few years have been particularly hard.

In 2018, her father died and in 2020, her brother passed away. A year later, Pushpa, who was then unemployed, got some more bad news.

"In May 2021, my mother passed away. A few months later, in August, I wrote 32 exams. Some days I would write two exams."

She says she found scribing therapeutic and helpful in overcoming her grief.

Pushpa's work has been nationally recognised

Her tireless work has not gone unnoticed. On 8 March 2018, she was honoured by the then Indian president, Ram Nath Kovind, for her efforts. She also met Prime Minister Narendra Modi along with other award winners.

Pushpa now works in a tech start-up and gives motivational talks at corporate events.

But she still writes exams for those who cannot, and since she can speak and write in five Indian languages - Tamil, Kannada, English, Telugu and Hindi - there's plenty of demand for her services.

"I supply my time and energy. If I write an exam for someone, it changes their life," she says.

Sat, 27 May 2023 15:00:00 -0500 en-US text/html https://news.yahoo.com/indian-woman-writes-exams-others-024741268.html
SQA to allow dyslexic students PCs in exams after trial success

Children with dyslexia in Scottish schools will be able to sit electronic exams rather than the traditional paper version after a successful pilot scheme.

Scotland's exam body has approved the scheme after a small study found that dyslexic pupils coped better with digital exams using laptops rather than having questions read to them and writing out answers in longhand.

Currently, severely dyslexic pupils who struggle to construct or read written sentences are provided with a helper for exams - a so-called scribe - who reads out questions and, in some cases, writes down the answers given to them by the candidate.

However, using the new exam papers, developed by the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) in partnership with Edinburgh University, pupils can write their own answers because they are automatically corrected with a spellchecker.

Because the exams are digital, candidates can refer to the questions as many times as they like without having to keep asking their helper - and they can also scroll up and down what they have written.

For those that need it, voice recognition technology allows candidates to speak answers which are then automatically turned into text.

Yesterday, the British Dyslexia Association welcomed the move, which it said would supply new independence to dyslexic learners.

"Having a scribe to help with exams can be a cumbersome process and can make pupils feel that they stand out from the rest of their peers," said a spokesman.

"We think the use of laptops in exams and in the classroom generally is of great benefit to students and we would like this sort of initiative to be rolled out to all schools because it makes a significant difference to the pupils involved."

Moira Thomson, a committee member of the south-east branch of Dyslexia Scotland, added: "This sort of technology can make a big difference to the candidates involved and it makes them much more independent. Taking an exam is pressurised enough without having to sit in a separate room with a scribe and an invigilator."

Karen McCallum, SQA's director of operations said: "We are delighted to add this new option for our candidates. This innovation - and we believe we are the first exam body in the world to offer this in external exams - is another major step forward in making Scotland's qualifications system as inclusive as possible."

Last week, Professor Julian Elliot, of Durham University, created a storm of protest after raising doubts about whether dyslexia existed as a medical condition. He claimed it was used by middle class parents who feared their children would be classed as low achievers.

However, racing driver Sir Jackie Stewart, president of Dyslexia Scotland, hit back at a conference on the condition last week, saying Professor Elliot was ill-informed.

The conference found that secondary teachers - particularly in modern languages - were letting dyslexic pupils down because they did not know how to teach them.

It has been estimated that as many as 10% of any school class could be suffering from dyslexia or a dyslexia-type illness.

Mon, 15 May 2023 22:16:00 -0500 en text/html https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/1463815.0/
Exam Schedule

Fall 2022

The following schedule has been designed and approved with the expectation that students must plan to take up to two examinations per day. Questions about this schedule or policy should be directed to successcenter@calvin.edu. (See below regarding classes that meet four days per week and common exam times for some classes.)

Special exam times

Class Time Examination Time
Time Days Day Date Time
8:30 a.m. M W F Fri. Dec. 9 9:00 a.m.
9:30 a.m. M W F Mon. Dec. 12 1:30 p.m.
11:00 a.m. M W F Wed. Dec. 14 9:00 a.m.
12:00 p.m. M W F Thurs. Dec. 15 9:00 a.m.
1:00 p.m. M W F Wed. Dec. 14 1:30 p.m.
2:00 p.m. M W F Tues. Dec. 13 9:00 a.m.
3:00 p.m. M W F Mon. Dec. 12 9:00 a.m.
4:00 p.m. M W F Thurs. Dec. 15 6:30 p.m.
5:00 p.m. M W F Wed. Dec. 14 6:30 p.m.
8:30, 8:35, 9:05, 9:30 a.m. T T Fri. Dec. 9 6:30 p.m.
11:00 a.m. T T Tues. Dec. 13 1:30 p.m.
12:00 p.m., 12:30 p.m. T T Thurs. Dec. 15 1:30 p.m.
1:00, 2:00 p.m. T T Fri. Dec. 9 1:30 p.m.
3:00, 4:00 p.m. T T Mon. Dec. 12 6:30 p.m.
Monday Evenings Tues. Dec. 13 6:30 p.m.
Tuesday Evenings Mon. Dec. 12 6:30 p.m.
Wednesday Evenings Thurs. Dec. 15 6:30 p.m.
Thursday Evenings Wed. Dec. 14 6:30 p.m.
Monday & Wednesday Evenings Tues. Dec. 13 6:30 p.m.
Tuesday & Thursday Evenings Mon. Dec. 12 6:30 p.m.

Four-day classes:

Examinations for subjects which have meetings in both the Monday/Wednesday/Friday (MWF) and Tuesday/Thursday (TT) sequences should be scheduled according to the sequence in which they have the greater number of times. If a class meets an equal number of times in each sequence, the examination should be scheduled according to the sequence which shows an earlier date or time in the examination schedule.

i.e., for MTWF or MWTHF courses, refer to the MWF examination time. For MTWTH of MTTHF courses, find both the MWF exam time and the TT exam time—your exam is scheduled for whichever date/time is earlier.

Common exam times:

All sections of Accounting 203 and 204 have a common exam on Saturday, December 10, 9:00 a.m. All sections of Mathematics 171, 172, and 271 have a common exam on Saturday, December 10, 9:00 a.m.

All sections of Mathematics 270 will have a combined final exam, date and time TBA.

Thu, 02 Dec 2021 09:00:00 -0600 en text/html https://calvin.edu/offices-services/center-for-student-success/registration/exam-schedule/index.html




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