SOA-C02 course outline - AWS Certified SysOps Administrator - Associate (SOA-C02) Updated: 2023 | ||||||||
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Exam Code: SOA-C02 AWS Certified SysOps Administrator - Associate (SOA-C02) course outline November 2023 by Killexams.com team | ||||||||
SOA-C02 AWS Certified SysOps Administrator - Associate (SOA-C02) The AWS Certified SysOps Administrator – Associate (SOA-C02) test is intended for system administrators in a cloud operations role. The test validates a candidate’s ability to deploy, manage, and operate workloads on AWS. - Support and maintain AWS workloads according to the AWS Well-Architected Framework - Perform operations by using the AWS Management Console and the AWS CLI - Implement security controls to meet compliance requirements - Monitor, log, and troubleshoot systems - Apply networking concepts (for example, DNS, TCP/IP, firewalls) - Implement architectural requirements (for example, high availability, performance, capacity) - Perform business continuity and disaster recovery procedures - Identify, classify, and remediate incidents Domains of exam; Domain 1: Monitoring, Logging, and Remediation Domain 2: Reliability and Business Continuity Domain 3: Deployment, Provisioning, and Automation Domain 4: Security and Compliance Domain 5: Networking and Content Delivery Domain 6: Cost and Performance Optimization Domain 1: Monitoring, Logging, and Remediation 1.1 Implement metrics, alarms, and filters by using AWS monitoring and logging services Identify, collect, analyze, and export logs (for example, Amazon CloudWatch Logs, CloudWatch Logs Insights, AWS CloudTrail logs) Collect metrics and logs using the CloudWatch agent Create CloudWatch alarms Create metric filters Create CloudWatch dashboards Configure notifications (for example, Amazon Simple Notification Service [Amazon SNS], Service Quotas, CloudWatch alarms, AWS Health events) 1.2 Remediate issues based on monitoring and availability metrics Troubleshoot or take corrective actions based on notifications and alarms Configure Amazon EventBridge rules to trigger actions Use AWS Systems Manager Automation documents to take action based on AWS Config rules Domain 2: Reliability and Business Continuity 2.1 Implement scalability and elasticity Create and maintain AWS Auto Scaling plans Implement caching Implement Amazon RDS replicas and Amazon Aurora Replicas Implement loosely coupled architectures Differentiate between horizontal scaling and vertical scaling 2.2 Implement high availability and resilient environments Configure Elastic Load Balancer and Amazon Route 53 health checks Differentiate between the use of a single Availability Zone and Multi-AZ deployments (for example, Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling groups, Elastic Load Balancing, Amazon FSx, Amazon RDS) Implement fault-tolerant workloads (for example, Amazon Elastic File System [Amazon EFS],Elastic IP addresses) Implement Route 53 routing policies (for example, failover, weighted, latency based) 2.3 Implement backup and restore strategies Automate snapshots and backups based on use cases (for example, RDS snapshots, AWS Backup, RTO and RPO, Amazon Data Lifecycle Manager, retention policy) Restore databases (for example, point-in-time restore, promote read replica) Implement versioning and lifecycle rules Configure Amazon S3 Cross-Region Replication Execute disaster recovery procedures Domain 3: Deployment, Provisioning, and Automation 3.1 Provision and maintain cloud resources Create and manage AMIs (for example, EC2 Image Builder) Create, manage, and troubleshoot AWS CloudFormation Provision resources across multiple AWS Regions and accounts (for example, AWS Resource Access Manager, CloudFormation StackSets, IAM cross-account roles) Select deployment scenarios and services (for example, blue/green, rolling, canary) Identify and remediate deployment issues (for example, service quotas, subnet sizing, CloudFormation and AWS OpsWorks errors, permissions) 3.2 Automate manual or repeatable processes Use AWS services (for example, OpsWorks, Systems Manager, CloudFormation) to automate deployment processes Implement automated patch management Schedule automated tasks by using AWS services (for example, EventBridge, AWS Config) Domain 4: Security and Compliance 4.1 Implement and manage security and compliance policies Implement IAM features (for example, password policies, MFA, roles, SAML, federated identity, resource policies, policy conditions) Troubleshoot and audit access issues by using AWS services (for example, CloudTrail, IAM Access Analyzer, IAM policy simulator) Validate service control policies and permissions boundaries Review AWS Trusted Advisor security checks Validate AWS Region and service selections based on compliance requirements Implement secure multi-account strategies (for example, AWS Control Tower, AWS Organizations) 4.2 Implement data and infrastructure protection strategies Enforce a data classification scheme Create, manage, and protect encryption keys Implement encryption at rest (for example, AWS Key Management Service [AWS KMS]) Implement encryption in transit (for example, AWS Certificate Manager, VPN) Securely store secrets by using AWS services (for example, AWS Secrets Manager, Systems Manager Parameter Store) Review reports or findings (for example, AWS Security Hub, Amazon GuardDuty, AWS Config, Amazon Inspector) Domain 5: Networking and Content Delivery 5.1 Implement networking features and connectivity Configure a VPC (for example, subnets, route tables, network ACLs, security groups, NAT gateway, internet gateway) Configure private connectivity (for example, Systems Manager Session Manager, VPC endpoints, VPC peering, VPN) Configure AWS network protection services (for example, AWS WAF, AWS Shield) 5.2 Configure domains, DNS services, and content delivery Configure Route 53 hosted zones and records Implement Route 53 routing policies (for example, geolocation, geoproximity) Configure DNS (for example, Route 53 Resolver) Configure Amazon CloudFront and S3 origin access identity (OAI) Configure S3 static website hosting 5.3 Troubleshoot network connectivity issues Interpret VPC configurations (for example, subnets, route tables, network ACLs, security groups) Collect and interpret logs (for example, VPC Flow Logs, Elastic Load Balancer access logs, AWS WAF web ACL logs, CloudFront logs) Identify and remediate CloudFront caching issues Troubleshoot hybrid and private connectivity issues Domain 6: Cost and Performance Optimization 6.1 Implement cost optimization strategies Implement cost allocation tags Identify and remediate underutilized or unused resources by using AWS services and tools (for example, Trusted Advisor, AWS Compute Optimizer, Cost Explorer) Configure AWS Budgets and billing alarms Assess resource usage patterns to qualify workloads for EC2 Spot Instances Identify opportunities to use managed services (for example, Amazon RDS, AWS Fargate, EFS) 6.2 Implement performance optimization strategies Recommend compute resources based on performance metrics Monitor Amazon EBS metrics and modify configuration to increase performance efficiency Implement S3 performance features (for example, S3 Transfer Acceleration, multipart uploads) Monitor RDS metrics and modify the configuration to increase performance efficiency (for example, Performance Insights, RDS Proxy) Enable enhanced EC2 capabilities (for example, enhanced network adapter, instance store, placement groups) | ||||||||
AWS Certified SysOps Administrator - Associate (SOA-C02) Amazon Administrator course outline | ||||||||
Other Amazon examsAWS-CSAP AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Professional (SOP-C01)AWS-CSS AWS Certified Security - Specialty ( (SCS-C01) AWS-CDBS AWS Certified Database-Specialty (DBS-C01) CLF-C01 AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner (CLF-C01) DOP-C01 AWS DevOps Engineer Professional (DOP-C01) DVA-C01 AWS Certified Developer -Associate (DVA-C01) MLS-C01 AWS Certified Machine Learning Specialty (MLS-C01) SCS-C01 AWS Certified Security - Specialty (SCS-C01) SAA-C02 AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate - 2023 SOA-C02 AWS Certified SysOps Administrator - Associate (SOA-C02) DAS-C01 AWS Certified Data Analytics - Specialty (DAS-C01) SAP-C01 AWS Certified Solutions Architect Professional SAA-C03 AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Associate ANS-C01 AWS Certified Advanced Networking - Specialty test (ANS-C01) SAP-C02 AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Professional | ||||||||
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SOA-C02 Dumps SOA-C02 Braindumps SOA-C02 Real Questions SOA-C02 Practice Test SOA-C02 dumps free Amazon SOA-C02 AWS Certified SysOps Administrator - Associate (SOA-C02) http://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/SOA-C02 Question: 386 An organization is planning to create 5 different AWS accounts considering various security requirements. The organization wants to use a single payee account by using the consolidated billing option. Which of the below mentioned statements is true with respect to the above information? A . Master (Payee. account will get only the total bill and cannot see the cost incurred by each account B . Master (Payee. account can view only the AWS billing details of the linked accounts C . It is not recommended to use consolidated billing since the payee account will have access to the linked accounts D . Each AWS account needs to create an AWS billing policy to provide permission to the payee account Answer: B Explanation: AWS consolidated billing enables the organization to consolidate payments for multiple Amazon Web Services (AWS. accounts within a single organization by making a single paying account. Consolidated billing enables the organization to see a combined view of the AWS charges incurred by each account as well as obtain a detailed cost report for each of the individual AWS accounts associated with the paying account. The payee account will not have any other access than billing data of linked accounts. Question: 387 A user has created a VPC with a public subnet. The user has terminated all the instances which are part of the subnet. Which of the below mentioned statements is true with respect to this scenario? A . The user cannot delete the VPC since the subnet is not deleted B . All network interface attached with the instances will be deleted C . When the user launches a new instance it cannot use the same subnet D . The subnet to which the instances were launched with will be deleted Answer: B Explanation: A Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is a virtual network dedicated to the users AWS account. A user can create a subnet with VPC and launch instances inside that subnet. When an instance is launched it will have a network interface attached with it. The user cannot delete the subnet until he terminates the instance and deletes the network interface. When the user terminates the instance all the network interfaces attached with it are also deleted. Question: 388 You are tasked with setting up a cluster of EC2 Instances for a NoSQL database. The database requires random read I/O disk performance up to a 100,000 IOPS at 4KB block side per node. Which of the following EC2 instances will perform the best for this workload? A . A High-Memory Quadruple Extra Large (m2.4xlarge) with EBS-Optimized set to true and a PIOPs EBS volume B . A Cluster Compute Eight Extra Large (cc2.8xlarge) using instance storage C . High I/O Quadruple Extra Large (hi1.4xlarge) using instance storage D . A Cluster GPU Quadruple Extra Large (cg1.4xlarge) using four separate 4000 PIOPS EBS volumes in a RAID 0 configuration Answer: C Explanation: The SSD storage is local to the instance. Using PV virtualization, you can expect 120,000 random read IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) and between 10,000 and 85,000 random write IOPS, both with 4K blocks. For HVM and Windows AMIs, you can expect 90,000 random read IOPS and 9,000 to 75,000 random write IOPS. https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-high-io-ec2-instance-type-hi14xlarge/ Question: 389 You use S3 to store critical data for your company. Several users within your group currently have lull permissions to your S3 buckets. You need to come up with a solution mat does not impact your users and also protect against the accidental deletion of objects. Which two options will address this issue? (Choose two.) A . Enable versioning on your S3 Buckets B . Configure your S3 Buckets with MFA delete C . Create a Bucket policy and only allow read only permissions to all users at the bucket level D . Enable object life cycle policies and configure the data older than 3 months to be archived in Glacier Answer: A,B Explanation: Versioning allows easy recovery of previous file version. MFA delete requires additional MFA authentication to delete files. Wont impact the users current access. http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/Versioning.html http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/UsingMFADelete.html Question: 390 A user has launched an EC2 Windows instance from an instance store backed AMI. The user wants to convert the AMI to an EBS backed AMI. How can the user convert it? A . Attach an EBS volume to the instance and unbundle all the AMI bundled data inside the EBS B . A Windows based instance store backed AMI cannot be converted to an EBS backed AMI C . It is not possible to convert an instance store backed AMI to an EBS backed AMI D . Attach an EBS volume and use the copy command to copy all the ephermal content to the EBS Volume Answer: B Explanation: Generally, when a user has launched an EC2 instance from an instance store backed AMI, it can be converted to an EBS backed AMI provided the user has attached the EBS volume to the instance and unbundles the AMI data to it. However, if the instance is a Windows instance, AWS does not allow this. In this case, since the instance is a Windows instance, the user cannot convert it to an EBS backed AMI. Question: 391 A user has launched an EC2 instance from an instance store backed AMI. The infrastructure team wants to create an AMI from the running instance. Which of the below mentioned credentials is not required while creating the AMI? A . AWS account ID C . 509 certificate and private key D . AWS login ID to login to the console E . Access key and secret access key Answer: C Explanation: When the user has launched an EC2 instance from an instance store backed AMI and the admin team wants to create an AMI from it, the user needs to setup the AWS AMI or the API tools first. Once the tool is setup the user will need the following credentials: AWS account ID; AWS access and secret access key; X.509 certificate with private key. Question: 392 A root AWS account owner is trying to understand various options to set the permission to AWS S3. Which of the below mentioned options is not the right option to grant permission for S3? A . User Access Policy B . S3 Object Access Policy C . S3 Bucket Access Policy D . S3 ACL Answer: B Explanation: Amazon S3 provides a set of operations to work with the Amazon S3 resources. Managing S3 resource access refers to granting others permissions to work with S3. There are three ways the root account owner can define access with S3: S3 ACL: The user can use ACLs to grant basic read/write permissions to other AWS accounts. S3 Bucket Policy: The policy is used to grant other AWS accounts or IAM users permissions for the bucket and the objects in it. User Access Policy: Define an IAM user and assign him the IAM policy which grants him access to S3. Question: 393 If you want to launch Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) Instances and assign each Instance a predetermined private IP address you should: A . Assign a group or sequential Elastic IP address to the instances B . Launch the instances in a Placement Group C . Launch the instances in the Amazon virtual Private Cloud (VPC). D . Use standard EC2 instances since each instance gets a private Domain Name Service (DNS) already E . Launch the Instance from a private Amazon Machine image (Mil) Answer: C Explanation: Reference: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonVPC/latest/UserGuide/vpc-ip-addressing.html Question: 394 A root account owner is trying to understand the S3 bucket ACL. Which of the below mentioned options cannot be used to grant ACL on the object using the authorized predefined group? A . Authenticated user group B . All users group C . Log Delivery Group D . Canonical user group Answer: D Explanation: An S3 bucket ACL grantee can be an AWS account or one of the predefined Amazon S3 groups. Amazon S3 has a set of predefined groups. When granting account access to a group, the user can specify one of the URLs of that group instead of a canonical user ID. AWS S3 has the following predefined groups: Authenticated Users group: It represents all AWS accounts. All Users group: Access permission to this group allows anyone to access the resource. Log Delivery group: WRITE permission on a bucket enables this group to write server access logs to the bucket. Question: 395 An organization has added 3 of his AWS accounts to consolidated billing. One of the AWS accounts has purchased a Reserved Instance (RI. of a small instance size in the US-East-1a zone. All other AWS accounts are running instances of a small size in the same zone. What will happen in this case for the RI pricing? A . Only the account that has purchased the RI will get the advantage of RI pricing B . One instance of a small size and running in the US-East-1a zone of each AWS account will get the benefit of RI pricing C . Any single instance from all the three accounts can get the benefit of AWS RI pricing if they are running in the same zone and are of the same size D . If there are more than one instances of a small size running across multiple accounts in the same zone no one will get the benefit of RI Answer: C Explanation: AWS consolidated billing enables the organization to consolidate payments for multiple Amazon Web Services (AWS. accounts within a single organization by making a single paying account. For billing purposes, consolidated billing treats all the accounts on the consolidated bill as one account. This means that all accounts on a consolidated bill can receive the hourly cost benefit of the Amazon EC2 Reserved Instances purchased by any other account. In this case only one Reserved Instance has been purchased by one account. Thus, only a single instance from any of the accounts will get the advantage of RI. AWS will implement the blended rate for each instance if more than one instance is running concurrently. Question: 396 A user has enabled versioning on an S3 bucket. The user is using server side encryption for data at rest. If the user is supplying his own keys for encryption (SSE-C), what is recommended to the user for the purpose of security? A . The user should not use his own security key as it is not secure B . Configure S3 to rotate the users encryption key at regular intervals C . Configure S3 to store the users keys securely with SSL D . Keep rotating the encryption key manually at the client side Answer: D Explanation: AWS S3 supports client side or server side encryption to encrypt all data at Rest. The server side encryption can either have the S3 supplied AES-256 encryption key or the user can send the key along with each API call to supply his own encryption key (SSE-C). Since S3 does not store the encryption keys in SSE-C, it is recommended that the user should manage keys securely and keep rotating them regularly at the client side version. Question: 397 A user has configured an EC2 instance in the US-East-1a zone. The user has enabled detailed monitoring of the instance. The user is trying to get the data from CloudWatch using a CLI. Which of the below mentioned CloudWatch endpoint URLs should the user use? A . monitoring.us-east-1.amazonaws.com B . monitoring.us-east-1-a.amazonaws.com C . monitoring.us-east-1a.amazonaws.com D . cloudwatch.us-east-1a.amazonaws.com Answer: A Explanation: The CloudWatch resources are always region specific and they will have the end point as region specific. If the user is trying to access the metric in the US-East-1 region, the endpoint URL will be: monitoring.us-east- 1.amazonaws.com Question: 398 A user is planning to setup notifications on the RDS DB for a snapshot. Which of the below mentioned event categories is not supported by RDS for this snapshot source type? A . Backup B . Creation C . Deletion D . Restoration Answer: A Explanation: Amazon RDS uses the Amazon Simple Notification Service to provide a notification when an Amazon RDS event occurs. Event categories for a snapshot source type include: Creation, Deletion, and Restoration. The Backup is a part of DB instance source type. Question: 399 A user has configured Auto Scaling with the minimum capacity as 2 and the desired capacity as 2. The user is trying to terminate one of the existing instance with the command: What will Auto Scaling do in this scenario? A . Terminates the instance and does not launch a new instance B . Terminates the instance and updates the desired capacity to 1 C . Terminates the instance and updates the desired capacity and minimum size to 1 D . Throws an error Answer: D Explanation: The Auto Scaling command as-terminate-instance-in-auto-scaling-group instance ID. The user is required to specify the parameter as decrementdesired-capacity. Then Auto Scaling will terminate the instance and decrease the desired capacity by 1. In this case since the minimum size is 2, Auto Scaling will not allow the desired capacity to go below 2. Thus, it will throw an error. Question: 400 A user has setup connection draining with ELB to allow in-flight requests to continue while the instance is being deregistered through Auto Scaling. If the user has not specified the draining time, how long will ELB allow inflight requests traffic to continue? A . 600 seconds B . 3600 seconds C . 300 seconds D . 0 seconds Answer: C Explanation: The Elastic Load Balancer connection draining feature causes the load balancer to stop sending new requests to the back-end instances when the instances are deregistering or become unhealthy, while ensuring that inflight requests continue to be served. The user can specify a maximum time (3600 seconds. for the load balancer to keep the connections alive before reporting the instance as deregistered. If the user does not specify the maximum timeout period, by default, the load balancer will close the connections to the deregistering instance after 300 seconds. Question: 401 A user has hosted an application on EC2 instances. The EC2 instances are configured with ELB and Auto Scaling. The application server session time out is 2 hours. The user wants to configure connection draining to ensure that all in- flight requests are supported by ELB even though the instance is being deregistered. What time out period should the user specify for connection draining? A . 5 minutes B . 1 hour C . 30 minutes D . 2 hours Answer: B Explanation: When you enable connection draining, you can specify a maximum time for the load balancer to keep connections alive before reporting the instance as de-registered. The maximum timeout value can be set between 1 and 3,600 seconds (the default is 300 seconds). When the maximum time limit is reached, the load balancer forcibly closes connections to the de-registering instance. http://docs.aws.amazon.com/ElasticLoadBalancing/latest/DeveloperGuide/config-conn-drain.html Question: 402 Which services allow the customer to retain full administrative privileges of the underlying EC2 instances? (Choose two.) A . Amazon Elastic Map Reduce B . Elastic Load Balancing C . AWS Elastic Beanstalk D . Amazon Elasticache E . Amazon Relational Database service Answer: A,C Explanation: Only the below services provide Root level access EC2 Elastic Beanstalk Elastic MapReduce C Master Node Opswork For More exams visit https://killexams.com/vendors-exam-list Kill your test at First Attempt....Guaranteed! | ||||||||
As Amazon faces continued calls to step up overall sustainability efforts and reduce plastic packaging, one of the company’s key packaging programs envisions fewer Amazon boxes on your doorstep. To be sure, America’s obsession with e-commerce continues, but the juggernaut is working to grow the share of shipments delivered in the product’s original packaging. Amazon’s Justine Mahler, director of packaging innovation, leads the company’s Ships in Product Packaging program — “in some ways, you could say job obsolescence in the sense that [my job] is to eliminate packaging altogether,” she said. In 2022, 11% of Amazon deliveries shipped in their own container, without added Amazon packaging, up from 8% in 2021. And last week, when Amazon held 48 hours of holiday season kick-off sales, the company estimated more than 13% of those U.S. shipments fulfilled by Amazon would ship without any additional Amazon packaging. Amazon plans to widen the reach of the SIPP program by extending it to all sellers that use Fulfillment by Amazon in 2024. For a variety of reasons, not every product sold would be a fit for shipping in original packaging — so the goal isn’t to get to 100% of shipments. The company did not share targets for the program, “but we still see a healthy growth rate beyond 13%,” Mahler said. Identifying the right packagingSIPP is like “the tip of the spear,” Mahler said. Amazon’s ideal choice is to eliminate packaging, where possible, but from there it’s a spectrum, Mahler explained. “Our catalog is vast, it's ever changing, and so we need to identify what's the proper packaging from anything from a T-shirt to a Crock-Pot to a canoe,” Mahler said. “To do that at scale, we utilize machine learning to be able to manage the broad category and make those packaging assignments.” The SIPP team defines engineering standards, or what’s required for a package to be able to be fulfilled without added packaging. It’s “mission critical” the team ensures an item can ship without incurring damage in transit; Amazon developed test methods with the International Safe Transit Association. In some cases, that means working with vendors and sellers to redesign their packaging. Size could prohibit an item — for example, small jewelry — from shipping in its original packaging, because every package requires a shipping label. Amazon doesn’t want to encourage sellers to design larger packaging for the sake of fitting a label. Sometimes consolidating multiple items into a single shipment is the most effective way to ship a package. Decisions along the packaging spectrum are largely based on an item’s fragility. Items that aren’t considered fragile but require secondary packaging go in a paper or plastic bag. Things that are more fragile go in padded mailers. The most fragile products go in boxes. “As you go up that spectrum, you're adding packaging, which typically adds cost, adds carbon, adds extra waste for customers. And so that's why we try to, as much as possible, downgrade,” said Mahler. Shipping in own packagingAnother core tenet of the SIPP program is to supply consumers a say. “We've got features within the shopping experience that indicate that an item will ship in its product packaging, as well as features that allow customers to add Amazon packaging,” Mahler said. A customer might opt to add Amazon packaging when they order a gift for a family member that they want to conceal, for example. That engagement is one way the company might increase customer awareness around its packaging initiatives, even in the absence of typical marketing surfaces like box panels with room for sustainability messaging or QR codes. There are also potential benefits around costs. One of the incentives for Fulfillment by Amazon users to get on board with SIPP in 2024 is the possibility for lower fees. Lesser packaging needs could translate to savings for sellers. Amazon itself could also save money as it works toward a future of buying less packaging. “The less boxes we use, the better,” Mahler said. Amazon reduced its per-shipment packaging weight 41% between 2015 and 2022, which Mahler said is in large part due to the shipments that don’t require Amazon packaging. “We're not buying that packaging, and we're not consuming that packaging, and that does have an impact on our procurement supply chain.” Amazon, which also uses third-party carriers, thinks these changes can drive broader industry adoption, something it had in mind when developing standards and working with ISTA. “The packaging standards need to be compatible with the DHLs, the USPSs of the world,” Mahler said. “We actually encourage, when we work with vendors and selling partners, that they can use it in any of the channels that they're shipping through parcel delivery as a way to drive scale and to drive momentum.” Amazon has asked the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for an exemption from rules prohibiting the use of drones for commercial purposes. With this request, the company has signaled that they are serious about transitioning the idea of thirty minute Prime Air deliveries from concept to reality. Current FAA rules restrict commercial use of drones, and Amazon is seeking an exemption from those rules so the company can conduct additional research and development of their Prime Air concept. The company claims to have made rapid developments in its Prime Air program by testing their drones inside their research and development lab in Seattle. Now, the shopping giant wants the ability to safely innovate and to do, in their words "what thousands of hobbyists and manufacturers of model aircraft do every day." Here are six things you need to know about Amazon's request to fly drones: 1. Amazon is not asking to fly drones up and down the streets of Seattle or any other public place for that matter. Their request is very clear, the company wants to to engage in private, non‐commercial research and development operations involving drones on their own property. Amazon wants to operate what they refer to as their "own private model airplane field, but with additional safeguards that go far beyond those that FAA has long‐held provide a sufficient level of safety for public model airplane fields." Amazon's operations, if allowed, will be conducted in a confined area over isolated Amazon private property. The company plans to locate their private air field a sufficient distance away from any airport, heliport, seaplane base, spaceport or other location with aviation activities. They plan to do so away from densely populated areas and any military or U.S. government installations or airfields. Not surprisingly, the company plans to impose strict security controls on access to their test facility. Testing operations at the private airfield will occur only in the presence of Amazon employees, contract personnel, and invitees. The company plans to implement security measures to deter unauthorized access. 2. Demonstrating how innovation can occur rapidly when a company has the will and resources to experiment, Amazon claims to have rapidly prototyped their systems using indoor research labs in Seattle. The company has quickly developed highly-automated aerial vehicles with advanced capabilities and claims to be on the ninth generation of their drone. The company has tested the full spectrum of their drone's capabilities including agility, flight duration and redundancy. They also claim to have developed sense-and-avoid sensors and algorithms that will allow the Prime Air drones to see obstacles and automatically avoid collisions. The battery powered drones are a rotor based system capable of flying at 50mph, and can carry a five pound payload --- which is sufficient to deliver 86% of the products in Amazon's inventory. 3. The company has conducted rapid prototyping indoors (where the FAA does not control the airspace), but now they want to transition to testing outdoors. Doing so will allow them to evaluate how the drones will operate in more realistic, non-lab like conditions. However, once the company moves outside they will be subjected to the FAA's burdensome regulations which stifle innovation. The FAA currently requires all test aircraft to fly only at FAA test-sites, and to seek special "airworthiness certificates." Certificates generally go to aircraft that have already gone through a lengthy period of R&D --- but Amazon wants an exemption so that they can conduct R&D and prototyping. The company says that it would be impractical for them to only fly at FAA test-sites or apply for a special "airworthiness certificate" for each of the drones they are evaluating. The company has a strong argument given the fact that in a mere five months Amazon has advanced through nine versions of their drone. As Amazon stated, "it would be an unreasonable burden on both the FAA and Amazon if we were required to apply for a special airworthiness certificate for every sUAS design or testing configuration while we are in R&D and conducting rapid prototyping." 4. Amazon compares their drones to model aircraft, which makes sense because manned aircraft are simply impractical for the type of delivery operations the company wants to test and eventually implement. Amazon seeks to operate their drones (on their private airfield) within the visual line of sight of the operator and/or one or more observers, at less than 400 feet above ground level, and within Class G airspace. Amazon plans to implement procedures to ensure that drone operators and observers are not distracted while flying their drones. The operator will be considered a "pilot in command" and will have responsibility for the operation of the drone and will hold a private pilot certificate or will have completed FAA private pilot ground instruction and passed the FAA private pilot written examination. The company plans to only use operators who have "completed training on the normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures in specific details and demonstrated proficiency with the sUAS being operated." Operators and observers will be in constant contact and if contact is broken between them, or if either individual spots a safety risk, the operator will immediately conclude the flight. 5. The company is embracing technology to ensure operations are safe. Rather than merely relying on the skill of a pilot to ensure that the drone stays within the test site, the company will instead use geofencing to keep the drone below 400 feet above ground level and within the boundaries of the test facility. Geofencing is a feature in a software program that uses GPS or radio frequency triangulation to define geographical boundaries, effectively drawing a virtual barrier within which a drone can be confined. This feature is one that is already available on many commercial drones. As an example the DJI Phantom's existing firmware update (see video below) includes safety software that automatically prevents the drone from flying near an airport. Amazon also plans to add a feature to their drone that is common amongst most consumer drones, that is the requirement that each drone will safely stop operating and return automatically to a specific location on Amazon’s private property if the communications link to the drone is lost. Interestingly, because the company plans to use an observer and an operator, they've empowered the observer with a "kill-switch" that will allow the observer to "press a physical button, that will be within his/her reach at all times, that reduces power to the vehicle so as to force a controlled landing; both the hardware and communication for this safety system will be physically separate from the sUAS flight control systems." 6. In their exemption request, Amazon made clear that they have other options for testing their drones. They wrote:
That's a not so subtle hint that the company will take their R&D abroad if the FAA doesn't get their act together. It would be relatively simple for Amazon to take their operations to Canada, which has proven to be extremely hospitable to drone companies. Amazon sees drones as the future of commercial delivery. The technology is one way Amazon can shave down shipping expenses which cost the company nearly $4 billion per year. Amazon has demonstrated that they are committed to developing drone technology to secure their future --- the question is, will the FAA allow it? Gregory S. McNeal is a professor specializing in law and public policy. You can follow him on Twitter @GregoryMcNeal or on Facebook. Courses >> Linux Administrator Online Course
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Who can take Linux training?Our Linux Administrator Course is open to all working professionals, and graduates who have BSc, BCA, MCA or Engineering degree. It is also open to current students in MCA and Engineering. No previous experience is required. Only requirement is that students should have a strong desire to learn and push themselves further. You should be willing to work hard, learn and doing all assignments. The rate of deforestation in Brazil's Amazon rainforest has dropped by 66.1% this August compared to the same month last year, satellite data from space research agency Inpe suggests. The news comes after a similar fall was reported in July. The reduction is particularly notable as August is historically one of the months when deforestation is at its highest. The rainforest is a crucial buffer in the fight against climate change. Inpe data suggests 563 sq km (217 sq miles) of it were cleared in August 2023, down from 1,661 sq km in August last year. The Brazilian environment minister said the new government of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva had been key in bringing about the fall. "These results show the determination of the Lula administration to break the cycle of abandonment and regression seen under the previous government," Marina Silva said. Lula came into office in January this year. Rainforest destruction had surged under his predecessor, Jair Bolsonaro, who promoted mining in indigenous lands and cut the resources of the agency tasked with protecting the environment. Mr Lula's government says it is committed to stopping deforestation completely by 2030. On Tuesday, the president announced the recognition of two new areas as protected indigenous lands as part of his efforts to safeguard the Amazon. They are located in the states of Acre and Amazonas, in Brazil's north-west. Almost 60% of the Amazon rainforest is located in Brazil. Last month, President Lula hosted leaders from the eight countries that share the Amazon basin at a summit in the city of Belém. The participants agreed to the creation of an alliance to fight deforestation but failed to negotiate a joint goal for conservation. The best Alexa smart speakers don't just offer support for the voice assistant -- they also sound good, look good, and bring great value to your home. They often serve as the "brains" of a connected smart home, as you can supply commands to the rest of your Alexa-enabled products just by talking to your smart speaker. But with so many Alexa smart speakers on the market in 2023, it can be a challenge when narrowing down your options. It's hard to go wrong with anything from Amazon, Bose, Sonos, and other reputable brands – but which model is best for you? For this list, we focused on the best smart speakers you can find with Alexa built-in. These speakers allow you to make calls to your contacts, play music from your favorite streaming service, set up smart home routines, and even have Alexa help guard your home. Take a look! Save on everything from laptops and tablets, to coffee makers and air purifiers, and a whole host of Apple tech like iPad, Apple Watch and even the latest M3 MacBooks, as well as smart home essentials like the Amazon Echo and smart bulbs. Sonos Era 100Best Alexa speaker for the smart homePros
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The Sonos Era 100 is the successor to the iconic Sonos One. It’s built with a faster processor, improved acoustics, and native support for Bluetooth. One of the coolest features on the smart speaker is Trueplay tuning. Using the accompanying smartphone app, you can allow the device to automatically tune itself based on the acoustics of your room. The feature makes it easy to find the perfect sound without wading through dozens of menus and fiddling with a bunch of sliders. How you control the device has also been reworked. Instead of using gestures on top of the unit (as was the case with the Sonos One), track selection and volume controls are now distinct buttons. They’re not backlit and can be a bit hard to see in the dark, but there's no doubt that it’s a big upgrade from the Sonos One. Like most products in the Sonos catalog, the Era 100 isn’t cheap. But if you don’t mind its price tag, you’ll be well-served by this Amazon-enabled smart speaker. Sonos Era 100 Best Alexa speaker for the smart home Sonos One (Gen 2)Runner-upPros
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The Sonos One is an all-around incredible smart speaker, designed to sit on a shelf or counter and fill a room with sound. With the addition of Alexa, you can also tap into the voice assistant’s wide range of capabilities, like answering questions or scheduling reminders and timers. The speaker also works with Google Assistant, so there’s no need to pick a favorite unless you want to. Like most smart speakers, the Sonos One does require a Wi-Fi connection for voice assistants to work, but it also supports Airplay 2 and other technologies, along with easy app controls if you don’t feel like using your voice. It can also link easily to another Sonos speaker or speaker system, allowing for innovative setups from being part of a home theater system to linking two speakers together for more stereo-like sound. Sonos One (Gen 2) Runner-up Amazon Echo (4th Gen)Best Alexa speaker for Amazon fansPros
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Amazon’s flagship Echo device doesn’t disappoint with its new orb-like design that still has great 360-degree sound for the size. The speaker works solely via the Alexa app, so you don’t have to worry about juggling apps to get what you want. The rounded design is also in the speaker’s favor, making it easy to put anywhere and giving it graceful indicators like the LED base to show notifications and more. Amazon also has both a battery base accessory so that you don’t need to keep the speaker near an outlet and a wall mount if you don’t want to place the Echo on a counter — options that are rarely native to smart speakers. Amazon Echo (4th Gen) Best Alexa speaker for Amazon fans Amazon Echo StudioBest Alexa speaker for audiophilesPros
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Those primarily interested in sound may already have invested in a high-quality audio system or started listening to more spatial audio songs: The Echo Studio is a great companion to this setup with its focus on music and a larger design featuring five internal speakers to cover bass, midrange, and highs more completely. The speaker also includes sensors that can adapt the audio to the nearby acoustics no matter where you decide to place the speaker. For those who have a host of smart devices, the Studio is also one of the only Alexa speakers left that can support the older Zigbee smart protocol, which may be important for controlling certain devices in your home. This is also a good time to mention that Alexa allows you to choose a default music service to play from including Apple Music, Spotify, Tidal, and more, which makes giving song-related commands a lot easier. Amazon Echo Studio Best Alexa speaker for audiophiles Amazon Echo Show 15Best Alexa smart displayPros
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The Echo Show line adds a touchscreen to the Echo speaker, something we really like for its expanded options – you can use it to watch shows, view a photo slideshow, video chat, and do a whole lot more. While the Echo Show 10 was a fine example, its rotating display certainly wasn’t for everyone. But the Echo Show 15 is a massive improvement: The screen is larger than ever at 15 inches, and it sports a versatile design that allows you to hang the Show 15 on a wall or stand it on a counter. These qualities make the Echo Show 15 one of the best smart displays we’ve seen to date, especially when you want to use it to watch shows or as an interactive wall calendar or – well, so much more. It fits well in a kitchen, office, hallway, or similar spot in the home. Just remember to keep it within arm’s reach, and purchase the stand if you need it. Amazon Echo Show 15 Best Alexa smart display Amazon Echo Dot (5th Gen)Best Alexa smart speakerPros
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The Echo Dot 4 was a vast improvement to the Echo Dot line, staying affordable while offering surprisingly big sound for its size. But the Echo Dot 5th-generation made even more improvements to the model, making it a better fit for a smart home. Let’s start with the model options: There’s an LED version you can use as an alarm clock in places like the bedroom and a kids' version with colorful skins and a subscription to Amazon’s kids' content. The new speaker is also equipped with extra sensors to detect when someone has entered a room, allowing you to link it to things like smart lights or thermostat changes when people come home. There’s even compatibility with Eero’s mesh Wi-Fi network system (now also owned by Amazon), so the speaker can act as a Wi-Fi extender for spots in the house that may not be getting good coverage. Really, it’s amazing what the speaker can do for the price. Amazon Echo Dot (5th Gen) Best Alexa smart speaker Bose Home Speaker 500Best high-end Alexa speakerPros
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Those who want a little of everything may finally find their perfect solution in this Bose model. It’s a large speaker that produces seriously impressive sound and supports both Alexa and Google Assistant. There are also more sound options than most smart speakers with touch panel presets for your favorite music options and adjustments via the Bose Music app. The speaker even has a little mini display that can display the current song and some album artwork, making it easy to show off at parties and other get-togethers. But all these features do come at a price, and it’s no surprise this there's a hefty price tag here too. Bose Home Speaker 500 Best high-end Alexa speaker Sonos RoamBest portable speaker with Alexa supportPros
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If you want to bring your smart speaker on the road with you, then look no further than the Sonos Roam. Offering a waterproof design, impressive sound, and full support for Amazon Alexa, few portable speakers can match the spec sheet of the Sonos Roam. It’s also relatively affordable, clocking in under $200. Because it’s built by Sonos, you know you’re getting a product that can pump out incredible sound despite its tiny footprint. Much of that is due to its accompanying smartphone app that lets you adjust its settings on the fly, along with an Automatic Trueplay feature that optimizes performance based on the acoustics of your surroundings. Toss in multiple available colors, a battery that runs for ten hours on a single charge, and a simple setup process, and you’ve got one of the best portable Amazon Alexa smart speakers money can buy. Sonos Roam Best portable speaker with Alexa support Echo PopBest affordable speaker with Alexa supportPros
Clocking in at just $40, the Echo Pop offers much more than its price tag would suggest. Access to the Alexa voice assistant is the biggest selling point, but its audio output is no slouch – although it does start to get a bit distorted at higher volumes. It also comes with Eero built in, making your wireless connections better than ever. A vareity of color options are available, and if you're looking for an affordable way to bring Alexa integrations into your home, the Pop deserves a much closer look. It might not be a great fit for audiophiles, but it's well-suited for playing background music as you work. Echo Pop Best affordable speaker with Alexa support Sonos Era 300Best Alexa speaker for home theatersPros
The Sonos Era 300 is one of the existing additions to the Sonos catalog. Building on the success of the Sonos One, the Era 300 offers incredible, immersive, room-filling sound that makes it both a great smart speaker and addition to your home theater. Its design is a bit quirkier than others on this list (boasting a unique hourglass shape), but its size allows it to pack in premium drivers that churn out crisp audio. Best of all, it features built-in support for Alexa. So if you’re looking for a premium smart speaker and don’t mind the large footprint, you can’t do better than this. Sonos Era 300 Best Alexa speaker for home theaters Frequently Asked QuestionsIs Alexa the best voice assistant? The most important thing in a voice assistant is that it's compatible with your other smart home devices. Check for compatibility before buying. But this has improved over time. As for the voice assistant itself, we've found that it does some things better, while other assistants like Google's have their strengths, too. Alexa is particularly good at a wide variety of voice commands, while other voice assistants are a bit more accurate for internet searches. Can I use Alexa speakers without a subscription fee? Yes. There is no fee necessary to use Alexa, although some services that Alexa can access may require fees, like Apple Music or Amazon Prime. Is Alexa always listening to what I'm saying? Voice assistants like Alexa only activate when speakers pick up their wake word, which is usually set to "Alexa" or "Echo" in this case. Then they typically record the command that follows. You can adjust settings so that commands are immediately discarded rather than saved for analysis. You can also manually shut off mics whenever you want. Do Alexa speakers have Bluetooth? Yes, all Alexa speakers have Bluetooth, which means you can quickly pair it to a phone or tablet to play music. Are you looking for something a little more portable that still works with Alexa? Take a look at our current best picks for portable smart speakers. You’re likely to find some options that support the voice assistant. Editors' Recommendations | ||||||||
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