IREB action - IREB Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering (CPRE) Updated: 2023
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IREB IREB Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering (CPRE)
The Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering (CPRE) is a personal certificate aimed at individuals working in Requirements Engineering, Business Analysis and Testing. It will expand your professional knowledge and help you to become more successful in your job.
The certification scheme is developed by the IREB, the contents are taught by independent training providers and the CPRE test can be taken at approved certification bodies. The CPRE certificate has lifetime validity.
Requirements engineering as the first step of system development crucially influences the success of the development project. The four core disciplines of requirements engineering are: elicitation, documentation, verification and validation management. Professionalism in requirements engineering avoid defects in system analysis and establishes a structured proceeding from project idea to a valuable set of requirements. Quality characteristics are defined for a single requirement as well as for the requirements specification as a whole.
You can prepare for the exams by attending a training course with a recognised IREB® training provider for IREB® Requirements Engineering - Foundation Level; participants will have relevant content and Topics clearly explained and taught to them. The syllabus covers the important foundations in requirements engineering: differentiation between the system and system context, establishment and documentation of requirements, as well as their testing and management and the tool support available.The test is available on Pearson Vue for anyone wishing to self-study.
The IREB® Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering - Foundation Level certification is a prerequisite for taking the three IREB® Advanced Level courses: Requirements Modelling, Requirements Management, Requirements Elicitation & Consolidation.
The level of detail of this syllabus allows internationally consistent teaching and examination. To reach this goal, the syllabus contains the following
General educational objectives
Contents with a description of the educational objectives and References to further literature (where necessary)
Educational Objectives / Cognitive Knowledge Levels
Each module of the syllabus is assigned a cognitive level. A higher level includes the lower levels.
The formulations of the educational objectives are phrased using the verbs "knowing" for level
L1 and "mastering and using" for level L2. These two verbs are placeholders for the following
verbs:
L1 (knowing): enumerate, characterize, recognize, name, reflect
L2 (mastering and using): analyze, use, execute, justify, describe, judge, display, design,develop, complete, explain, exemplify, elicit, formulate, identify, interpret, conclude from, assign, differentiate, compare, understand, suggest, summarize
All terms defined in the glossary have to be known (L1), even if they are not explicitly mentioned in the educational objectives.
This syllabus uses the abbreviation "RE" for Requirements Engineering.
Structure of the Syllabus
The syllabus consists of 9 main chapters. One chapter covers one educational unit (EU). Each main chapter title contains the cognitive level of the chapter, which is the highest level of the sub-chapters. Furthermore, the teaching time is suggested that is the minimum a course should invest for that chapter. Important terms in the chapter, which are defined in the glossary, are listed at the beginning of the chapter.
Example: EU 1 Introduction and Foundations (L1)
Terms: Requirement, Stakeholder, Requirements Engineering, Functional Requirement, Quality Requirement, Constraint
This example shows that chapter 1 contains education objectives at level L1 and 75 minutes are intended for teaching the material in this chapter.
Each chapter can contain sub-chapters. Their titles also contain the cognitive level of their content.
Educational objectives (EO) are enumerated before the actual text. The numbering shows to which sub-chapter they belong.
Example: EO 3.1.2
This example shows that educational objective EO 3.1.2 is described in sub-chapter 3.1
The Examination
This syllabus is the basis for the examination for the foundation level certificate.
A question in the examination can cover material from several chapters of the syllabus. All chapters (EU 1 to EU 9) of the syllabus can be examined.
Fixed typos and grammar issues
EU 1: Reference to ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2011 added
EU 1: List of aspects for quality requirements modified and
reference to ISO/IEC25010:2011 added
EU 3.1: Term “legacy” replaced by “existing”
EU 4.3: Reference to IEEE 830-1998 replaced by reference to
ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2011
EU 4.6: List of quality criteria for requirements modified
EU 5.2: Term “may” added to the verbs for fixing liability of a
requirement
EU 6.1: Hint added to the definition of the term “model”
EU 6.5: Duplicate paragraph regarding cardinalities removed
EU 7.1: examples “correctness” and “completeness” for
quality criteria replaced by reference to EU 4.6
EU 7.3: List of criteria for quality aspect "documentation”
modified
EU 7.6: List of conflict types modified; detailed description
added; “Subject conflict” replaced by “Data conflict”
EU 8: New Educational objective 8.7.1 added
EU 8.1: Attribute “criticality” replaced by “risk”
EU 8.7: New Educational unit “Measurement for
Requirements” added
Terms: Requirement, Stakeholder, Requirements Engineering, Functional Requirement,
Quality Requirement, Constraint
Educational Objectives:
EO 1.1 Knowing symptoms of and reasons for inadequate RE
EO 1.2 Knowing the four major activities of RE
EO 1.3 Knowing the role of communication in RE
EO 1.4 Knowing skills of a requirements engineer
EO 1.5 Knowing the three kinds of requirements
EO 1.6 Knowing the role of quality requirements
Good RE is important since many errors arise already in this phase and can only be rectified
later at high cost. Typical symptoms of inadequate RE are missing and unclear requirements.
Typical reasons for inadequate RE are the wrong assumption of the stakeholders that much is self-evident and does not need to
be stated explicitly communication problems due to differences in experience and knowledge
the project pressure from the client to build a productive system rapidly.
The four main activities of RE are elicitation, documentation, validation/negotiation plus the
management of requirements. The activities can be scheduled in specific processes such as
recommended in the Standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2011. They often concern different levels of
requirements such as stakeholder requirements and system or software requirements.
Natural language is the most important means to communicate requirements. At the same time
it is particularly important to agree on a common terminology. Furthermore the communication
medium (written or spoken) plays a big role. When communicating, all participants must deal
consciously with focusing and simplification.
This is especially true for the most important role in RE: the requirements engineer. Besides
communication skills he or she must especially have the following skills: analytical thinking,
empathy, conflict resolution skills, moderation skills, self-confidence and the ability to convince.
Typically we differentiate between three kinds of requirements: functional requirements,
quality requirements and constraints.
The umbrella term “non-functional requirement” is often used for quality requirements and
constraints. Quality requirements must be documented explicitly. In particular the following
aspects need to be considered
Performance
Security
Reliability
Usability
Maintainability
Portability
More comprehensive quality models can be found in the requirements engineering literature
and in standards such as the Standard ISO/IEC25010:2011.
Even though quality requirements are mostly documented using natural language, their relation
to other statements have to be traceable and their validation has to be ensured by quantitative
assertions or made operational by transformation into additional functionality.
Terms: System Context, System Boundary, Context Boundary
Educational Objectives:
EO 2.1 Knowing system context, system boundary and context boundary
EO 2.2 Mastering and using system boundary and context boundary
EU 2.1 System, System Context and Boundaries (L1)
The source and so the justifications of the requirements for a system lie in the system context of
the planned system. The source consists of the set of all context aspects that initiated or
influenced the definition of the requirements. Among the potential aspects in the system context
are:
People (stakeholder or groups of stakeholders)
Systems in operation (technical systems, software and hardware)
Processes (technical or physical processes, business processes)
Events (technical or physical)
Documents (e.g. laws, standards, system documentation)
It is the function of the system boundary to define which aspects will be covered by the planned
system and which aspects are part of this systems environment. The context boundary
identifies the part of the environment that has a connection to the system to be developed.
EU 2.2 Determining System and Context Boundaries (L2)
Often the system boundary is only precisely defined towards the end of the requirements
process. Before that, the desired functions and qualities of the planned system are only
incompletely known or not known at all. Therefore there will be a grey zone in which the
possible system boundary lies. Besides a shifting of the system boundary within the grey zone,
the grey zone itself can also shift during the RE process, e.g. when, through a shifting of the
system boundary, further aspects of the environment become important.
Also the context boundary can change over time, e.g. when it turns out, contrary to expectations,
that a legal requirement, previously classified as relevant, has absolutely no impact on the
planned system, then the system context is reduced in this area.
The context boundary also has a grey zone. It comprises the identified aspects of the
environment for which, at a particular time, it is unclear whether these aspects have a relation to
the planned system or not.
Educational Objectives:
- Knowing various types of requirements sources
- Knowing the significance of requirements sources and the consequences of disregarded requirements sources
- Knowing the most important information of the stakeholder documentation
- Knowing important principles in dealing with stakeholders (stakeholder rights and duties)
- Mastering and using the content and significance of the Kano model
- Knowing influencing factors for the choice of elicitation techniques
- Knowing advantages and disadvantages of elicitation techniques
- Mastering and using the following types of elicitation techniques and examples for each: survey techniques, creativity techniques, document-centered techniques, observation techniques and supporting techniques
An important activity in RE activity is the elicitation of requirements for the system to be
developed. The foundations for the requirements elicitation comprise on the one hand the
system context and on the other hand the requirements sources. Various types of requirements
sources are differentiated. Possible requirements sources are, for example, stakeholders,
documents or existing systems.
It is the task of RE to collect the goals and requirements from the various requirements sources.
If sources are disregarded, this can have significant negative consequences on the entire course
of the project. The documentation of the requirements sources should, with respect to the
stakeholders, contain at least the following information:
name
function (role)
additional personal and contact data
temporal and spatial availability during the project progress
relevance of the stakeholder
their area and extent of expertise
their goals and interests regarding the project
Depending on the company culture it is appropriate, in agreement with the stakeholders, to
define verbally or by means of written documentation the tasks, responsibilities, authority, etc.
From the stakeholder agreements arise rights and duties for each stakeholder. Dealing with
stakeholders effectively guards against lack of motivation and conflicts. Stakeholders should be
involved in the project and not only affected by the project.
EU 3.2 Requirements Categorization according to the Kano Model (L2)
For the elicitation of requirements, it is crucial to know what importance the requirements have
for the satisfaction of the stakeholders. According to the model of Dr. Kano, this satisfaction can
be classified into three categories:
Basic factors (synonym: Dissatisfiers)
Performance factors (synonym: Satisfiers)
Excitement factors (synonym: Delighters)
EU 3.3 Elicitation Techniques (L2)
Elicitation techniques fulfill the purpose of finding out the conscious, unconscious and
subconscious requirements of stakeholders. Important factors influencing the choice of
elicitation technique are risk factors, human influences, organizational influences, functioncontent influences and the intended level of detail of the requirements. Various techniques are
needed for the various RE products:
Survey techniques (e.g. interviews, questionnaires)
Creativity techniques (e.g. brainstorming, brainstorming paradox, change of perspective,
analogy technique)
Document-centric techniques (e.g. system archaeology, perspective-based reading,
requirements reuse)
Observation techniques (e.g. field observation, apprenticing)
Support techniques (e.g. mind mapping, workshops, CRC cards, audio and video
recordings, use case modeling, prototypes)
The application of appropriate elicitation techniques is a project-critical key competence. The
best results are achieved with a combination of various elicitation techniques.
Terms: Requirements Document, Requirements Specification
Educational Objectives:
- Knowing key reasons for requirements documentation
- Knowing the three perspectives of functional requirements
- Knowing advantages and disadvantages of natural language requirements documentation
- Knowing the most important model-based requirements documentation form
- Knowing the advantages of mixed form of requirements documentation
- Knowing the advantages of standardized document structures
- Knowing widespread document structures
- Knowing important points for a tailored standard structure
- Knowing activities building on requirements documents
- Mastering and using quality criteria for requirements documents
- Mastering and using quality criteria for requirements
- Knowing the two most important style rules for requirements
- Mastering and using contents and importance of a glossary
- Mastering and using rules for handling the glossary
- Document Design (L1)
In RE it is necessary to document all important information. All forms of more or less formal
representation of requirements, from the description in prose up to diagrams with formal
semantics, are called documentation techniques. Many people are involved in the documentation
in the lifecycle of a requirements document. Documentation plays a goal-orientated supporting
function in communication. The following factors make this support necessary. Requirements
are long-lasting, legally relevant and should be accessible to all. Requirements documents are
complex.
EU 4.2 Documentation Types (L1)
Requirements documents include, amongst other things, functional requirements that normally
represent the following three different perspectives of a system.
Data perspective
Behavioral perspective
Functional perspective
All three perspectives can be documented by means of natural language requirements, whilst
conceptual model types are specialized for one of these perspectives. Effectively applicable
forms of the documentation are:
Natural language requirements documentation
Conceptual requirements models such as, for example use case diagrams, class diagrams,
activity diagrams or state diagrams (see also EU 6)
Combined forms of requirements documentation
EU 4.3 Document Structures (L1)
Central components of a requirements document are the requirements for the system being
considered. Besides the requirements, depending on the purpose of the document, the
requirements documents also contain information about the system context, acceptance
conditions or, for instance, characteristics of the technical implementation. In order to ensure
the manageability of requirements documents, such documents must be structured most
appropriately.
Reference structures for requirements documents propose a more or less complete and a more
or less flexible field-tested content structure. Common reference structures for requirements
documents are described amongst others in the Standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148:2011.
In practice it turns out that there are a lot of positive effects from using reference structures for
requirements documents. For instance, the use of reference structures simplifies the usage of the
requirements documents in subsequent development activities (e.g. in the definition of test
cases). Generally reference structures cannot be adopted one-to-one for a requirements
document, as the content structure frequently has to be adapted in detail for domain-, companyor project-specific circumstances.
EU 4.4 Use of Requirements Documents (L1)
Requirements documents serve as the basis for many activities during the project lifespan, such
as, for example
Planning
Architectural design
Implementation
Test
Change management
System usage and system maintenance
Contract management
In order to serve as a basis the subsequent development processes, the requirements document
must meet certain quality criteria. In particular this includes:
Unambiguity and consistency
Clear structure
Modifiability and extensibility
Completeness
Traceability
EU 4.6 Quality Criteria for Requirements (L2)
In addition, the individual requirement must satisfy certain quality criteria, in particular:
agreed
unambiguous
necessary
consistent
verifiable
feasible
traceable
complete
understandable
Besides the quality criteria for requirements there are two basic style rules for requirements in
natural language, which promote readability:
short sentences and paragraphs
formulate only one requirement per sentence
A frequent cause of conflicts, arising in RE, lies in the different understanding of terminology
among the involved people. To prevent this problem, it is necessary that all relevant terms are
defined in a glossary. A glossary is a collection of term definitions for:
context-specific technical terms
abbreviations and acronyms
everyday concepts that have a special meaning in the given context
synonyms
homonyms
The following rules should be observed when working with a glossary:
The glossary must be managed centrally
The responsibilities for maintaining the glossary must be defined
The glossary must be maintained over the course of the project
The glossary must be commonly accessible
Use of the glossary must be obligatory
The glossary should contain the sources of the terms
The stakeholders should agree upon the glossary
The entries in the glossary should have a consistent structure
It is beneficial to begin the development of the glossary as early as possible, in order to reduce
the alignment work later on
Terms: Requirements Template
Educational Objectives:
EO 5.1 Mastering and using the five transformational processes in the perception and writing
of natural language and their consequences on the formulation of requirements
EO 5.2 Mastering and using the five steps for formulating requirements using a requirements
template
EU 5.1 Language Effects (L2)
As natural language is often ambiguous and interpretable, it is necessary to pay special attention
to precisely this aspect when using language. During the processes of perception and writing, socalled “transformational processes” occur. The fact that these transformational processes follow
certain rules can be used by the requirements engineer to elicit exactly what the author of the
requirement really did mean. The five most relevant transformational processes for RE are:
Nominalization
Nouns without reference index
Universal quantifiers
Incompletely specified conditions
Incompletely specified process words
EU 5.2 Requirements Construction using Templates (L2)
Requirements templates are an easily learnable and applicable approach to reducing language
effects in the formulation of requirements. The requirements template effectively supports the
author of a requirement in creating high quality requirements.
The five steps to formulating requirements through a requirements template are:
Determine legal obligation
Determine the core of the requirement
Characterizes the activity of the system
Insert objects
Determine logical and temporal conditions
Educational Objectives
- Knowing the purpose and definition of attribute schemes
- Knowing important attribute types for requirements
- Mastering and using views on requirements
- Knowing methods for prioritizing requirements
- Mastering and using techniques for prioritizing requirements
- Knowing the benefits of requirements traceability
- Mastering and using classes of traceability relationships
- Mastering and using forms of representation for traceability relationships
- Mastering and using versioning of requirements
- Mastering and using the formation of requirements configurations
- Mastering and using the formation requirements baselines
- Knowing the importance of requirements changes
- Knowing the functions and members of a Change Control Board
- Mastering and using the elements of a requirements change request
- Mastering and using different classes of change requests
- Mastering and using a process to handle change requests
- Knowing the importance of requirements measurements
iSQI Professional action
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IREB
IREB Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering
https://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/IREB
C:\Users\Kamran\Desktop\image.JPG
Reference:
http://www.certified-
re.de/fileadmin/IREB/Lehrplaene/IREB_cpre_syllabus_FL_en_v21.pdf(page 28,
assigning attributes to requirements (L1))
Question: 41
Which definition best characterizes the term traceability in terms of requirements
engineering? (Choose two)
A. Traceability of the effort for the elicitation of the requirements, beginning with the
elicitation of the documentation right to the point of requirements acceptance
B. Monitoring of progress in requirements elicitation
C. Ability to analyze requirements for contradictory content, especially between the
requirements specifications and the test cases
D. Traceability of the requirements, along with the associated documents, from the
requirements elicitation to the implementation
E. Level of satisfaction between the elicited and approved requirements
Answer: A, C
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_traceability
Question: 42
HOTSPOT
You have been commissioned to analyze a change request for its possible impact. Which
of the following aspects must be analyzed for this?
22
Answer:
C:\Users\Kamran\Desktop\image.JPG
Question: 43
Your company uses only text processing as a tool in requirements management. Which
two essential tasks for requirements management are least supported by this tool?
A. Version management of individual requirements
B. Generation of result document
C. Requirements tracing
D. Creating of graphic models
E. Documentation of requirements and goals
Answer: C, D
Question: 44
Your company works intensively with models with requirements and uses UML for the
description of models. Which three capabilities should a modeling tool processes in order
to able to create traceable models in the requirements engineering? (Choose three)
A. The model elements can be stored under version control
23
B. The models are checked for community with the UML definition
C. The model is exported in the XML format
D. Every model element must process anID
E. Model elements can be linked via hyperlinks
F. The modeling tool creates reports suitable for management
Answer: A, C, E
Question: 45
the introduction of a requirements
Which two statements are correct with regards to
engineering tool? (Choose two)
A. The introduction of a tool defines the feature requirements engineering approach
B. Risks associated with the introduction can be identified through a pilot operation
C. The requirements engineering process must be clearly defined before introduction
D. The license costs are generally the greatest cost block relating to the introduction of a
requirements engineering tool
Answer: C, D
24
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Bob Odenkirk — best known as self-sabotaging attorney Saul Goodman on Better Call Saul and Breaking Bad — may seem like an unlikely action hero, but he makes it clear in Nobody that even an Everyman has his limits.
Odenkirk revealed that the film was partially inspired by his personal experience. "I think most people watching this movie will not realize the level of autobiography there is in it," he told Jimmy Kimmel in 2021. "I had two home break-ins in Los Angeles... Nobody is very related to my actual experience of having someone in the house, threatening my family, trying to keep the damage to a minimum."
Watch Nobody on Amazon Prime Video
V for Vendetta
Based on Alan Moore, David Lloyd and Tony Weare's graphic novel of the same name, V for Vendetta stars Hugo Weaving as V, an anarchist vigilante who rescues Evey (Natalie Portman) and enlists her in his chaos. The themes of fascism and authoritarianism are both timely and timeless, and the action is nonstop. As dark as the film can get, its ultimate message is one of hope.
Medellín
Amazon Studios/Courtesy Everett
In a high-stakes mission, boxing gym manager Réda (Ramzy Bedia) recruits his friends, Stan (Franck Gastambide) and Chafik (Anouar Toubali), to rescue his kidnapped brother from a dangerous narcos cartel in the titular city. With a simple and reckless plan, Réda brings his team on an action-filled adventure — involving conflict with drug ring leader El Diablo (Raymond Cruz) — that none of them could have anticipated.
Watch Medellín on Amazon Prime Video
Avatar: The Way of Water
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures/Courtesy Everett
Dive into the phantasmagorical depths of James Cameron's Avatar universe with this 2022 sequel. Following a decade after the first film's events, Way of Water sees the Sully family fleeing their home to reside with the oceanic Metkayina clan, where they have to defend themselves and their hosts against brutal aggressors through a flood of action-packed battles.
Watch Avatar: The Way of Water on Disney+
Shazam! Fury of the Gods
Warner Bros./Courtesy Everett
Directed by David F. Sandberg, this 2023 DCEU sequel to Shazam! (2019) finds teenager Billy Batson (Asher Angel) and members of his "Shazamily" — who all can transform into their superhero alter egos just by saying "Shazam!" out loud — fighting against a trio of ancient gods who've come to earth with a vengeance for those who stole their magic powers. Fury of the Gods stars Zachary Levi, Jack Dylan Grazer, Rachel Zegler, Adam Brody, Ross Butler, Meagan Good, Lucy Liu and Helen Mirren.
Watch Shazam! Fury of the Gods on Max
Gangs of Lagos
Being Amazon Prime Video's first original movie from Africa, this 2023 Nigerian action-thriller is worth a watch. Jade Osiberu's Gangs of Lagos follows a group of three best friends who witness their father figure's murder, and join the gang led by his cold-hearted partner Kazeem (Olarotimi Fakunle). The film stars Tobi Bakre, Iyabo Ojo, Adesua Etomi, Chioma Akpotha and Demi Banwo, among others.
Watch Gangs of Lagos on Amazon Prime Video
Furies
This 2023 Vietnamese action thriller — and prequel to 2019's Furie — follows three women who bond over shared traumas and are trained to defeat a '90s Saigon gang that traffics and assaults other women. Filled with rip-roaring violence and dynamic fight sequences, this film is a tough yet heady watch.
Violent Night
Allen Fraser /Universal Pictures/Courtesy Everett
You better watch out, you better not cry! Stranger Things' David Harbour ditches his Hawkins police uniform and slips on Saint Nick's suit in this 2022 holiday action thriller. When Santa Claus comes to town, delivering presents to a Connecticut mansion, he discovers that mercenaries are holding the residing family hostage and comes to their rescue with brutal force.
Watch Violent Night on Amazon Prime Video
Black Panther
Black Panther brought much-needed Black representation to the superhero genre. Chadwick Boseman's indelible mark on cinema as T'Challa cannot be overstated, and Michael B. Jordan's Killmonger is as sympathetic and complicated a villain as they come. The supporting cast's performances, especially Angela Bassett and Sterling K. Brown, are just as moving.
Enhanced by its stunning actors, the movie's action is a blast to watch. Whether you're watching Okoye (Danai Gurira) tossing her wig in a fight scene, Shuri (Letitia Wright) showing off her genius or a mixed martial arts battle, every element works.
Watch Black Panther on Disney+
Black Panther: Wakanda Forever
Eli Ade/Marvel/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures/Courtesy Everett
Securing Marvel its first Oscar win (three, in fact) with the first Black Panther film, this 2022 sequel earned another for Best Costume Design — yet there is so much more to take in, including the feature's eye-catching thrills. Following King T'Challa's (Chadwick Boseman) death, the mourning Queen Ramonda (Angela Bassett), Princess/scientist Shuri (Letitia Wright), fellow Wakandans and allies strive to protect the kingdom from outside (and underwater) forces. Former War Dog Nakia (Lupita Nyong'o) and CIA agent Everett Ross (Martin Freeman) are back to help ensure the continuing legacy of the Black Panther.
Watch Black Panther: Wakanda Forever on Disney+
Die Hard
Moviestore/Shutterstock
Welcome to the party, pal! Whether or not you think Die Hard is a Christmas movie, the 1988 thriller is easily one of the best action movies of all time. Bruce Willis' introductory jaunt as John McClane has all the makings of a classic: a working-class hero, a hard-to-get love interest (Bonnie Bedelia), a dangerously charismatic villain (Alan Rickman), earnest sidekicks Alan (Reginald VelJohnson) and Argyle (De'voreaux White) and some of the best catchphrases in the game. Did we mention McClane saves the day while barefoot?
Godzilla vs. Kong
HBO Max / Courtesy Everett
What do you do when one monster attacks? Unleash another one, of course. In Godzilla vs. Kong, the real monsters aren't Godzilla or Kong — they're conspiracy theorists and technology. While the action is stellar when the larger-than-life creatures go after each other, the excitement is unstoppable once they team up.
Watch Godzilla vs. Kong on Max
Devotion
Eli Ade/Sony Pictures Entertainment/Courtesy Everett
Based on Adam Makos' book — Devotion: An Epic Story of Heroism, Friendship, and Sacrifice — this aerial war drama revolves around the real-life friendship between U.S. Navy fighter pilots Jesse Brown (Creed III's Jonathan Majors) and Tom Hudner (Top Gun: Maverick's Glen Powell, who's also an actual licensed pilot) and their time served together during the Korean War. With a supporting cast including Serinda Swan, Joe Jonas and more, Devotion honors the bond of a brotherhood forged in the early 1950s among racial and global tension.
All Quiet on the Western Front
Reiner Bajo/Netflix
Premiering at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2022, this German anti-war drama — adapted from Erich Maria Remarque's 1929 eponymous novel — tells the timeless story of a young man named Paul Bäumer (Felix Kammerer) who eagerly joins the German Army to fight in World War I. But when he and his comrades find themselves amid unforgiving and inhumane violence, their once-patriotic notions of war are shattered as they make every effort to survive.
Watch All Quiet on the Western Front on Netflix
The Woman King
Inspired by real events, this AAFCA-winning historical action flick centers on the Agojie, an all-woman army of the West African kingdom of Dahomey. In a dazzling performance, Viola Davis stars as highly-trained General Nanisca, who has to prepare a new generation of warriors to fight a foreign invader threatening their civilization.
Watch The Woman King on Netflix
Top Gun
If you feel the need for speed, Tony Scott's fighter pilot action flick should be your first choice. In 1986's Top Gun, Tom Cruise soars as smug hotshot Lt. Pete "Maverick" Mitchell," who strives to be the top naval pilot in his class — causing friction between him and rivaling classmates such as Iceman (Val Kilmer) — and swoop the flight instructor (Kelly McGillis) off her feet. From its classic soundtrack to its iconic beach volleyball scene to its fast-paced thrills, this blockbuster will "take you right into the danger zone."
Top Gun: Maverick
Scott Garfield/Paramount Pictures/Courtesy Everett
Thirty-six years after Pete "Maverick" Mitchell (Tom Cruise) graduated the TOPGUN Naval aviation program, he's invited back as an instructor for a new generation of fliers, including Miles Teller's Bradley ("Rooster") and Glen Powell's Jake ("Hangman"). Earning over $1 billion dollars at the global box office, 2022's Top Gun: Maverick is not only a triumphant sequel to its iconic predecessor, but is also a "love letter to aviation," as it impressively cranked up the action without VFX and filmed stunts with real U.S. Navy pilots flying top-quality fighter jets.
Watch Top Gun: Maverick on Paramount+
Free Guy
From Deadpool to Red Notice, Ryan Reynolds is a bona fide action star who never fails to bring the laughs. Also starring Jodie Comer, Taika Waititi and more, the 2021 action comedy follows a bank teller named Guy (Reynolds), who discovers he's a trivial background character in a violent multiplayer video game and strives to be a winning hero when faced with conflict.
Black Adam
He kneels before no one. In this 2022 Shazam! spin-off Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson stars as the eponymous DC Comics character, who's freed from imprisonment and uses his almighty powers "born out of rage" for revenge, but is intercepted by heroes from the Justice Society, such as Atom Smasher (Noah Centineo), Doctor Fate (Pierce Brosnan), Hawkman (Aldis Hodge) and Cyclone (Quintessa Swindell).
The Maze Runner
Based on the first book in a YA dystopian series, The Maze Runner follows 16-year-old Thomas (Dylan O'Brien), who wakes up in an elevator with zero recollection of his past and finds himself among a group of boys (and one girl) trying to form a community on an area of land they call the Glade. And if they want to escape, they have to run through a constantly-shifting maze that's patrolled by killer cyborg creatures.
Bullet Train
Famous faces like Brad Pitt, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Sandra Bullock and Bad Bunny were all on board for this off-the-rails action comedy. Based on Kōtarō Isaka 2010's novel, Maria Beetle, 2022's Bullet Train follows five cutthroat assassins, who are all assigned individual missions that are somehow connected, on a Japanese high-speed train.
Shadow in the Cloud
In this 2022 war fantasy, Chloë Grace Moretz stars as a WWII flight officer who battles with an evil creature on her mission. Also starring Taylor John Smith and Nick Robinson, Shadow in the Cloud is a bumpy ride with several jump-scares lurking in its shadows, and tells a wildly complex story about female strength.
Watch Shadow in the Cloud on Hulu
Pearl Harbor
From quintessential action movie director Michael Bay comes a romantic war drama that fictionalizes the historical Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. This 2001 feature follows two childhood best friends (Ben Affleck and Josh Hartnett), who enlist in the military as pilots during WWII and a love triangle unfolds between them and a nurse (Kate Beckinsale).
Captain America: Civil War
Marvel movies always have a ton of great action sequences, but Captain America: Civil War brings together major characters in conflict with each other in exciting ways — and the questions raised about surveillance and the police state continue to resonate. Chris Evans' fight as Captain America with Robert Downey Jr.'s Tony Stark was instantly meme-able, and the introduction of Chadwick Boseman's Black Panther and Tom Holland's Spider-Man make Civil War a fan favorite.
Watch Captain America: Civil War on Disney+
Avengers: Endgame
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures/Marvel Studios/Courtesy Everett
Avengers, we love you 3000. Bringing back fan-favorite characters and ending several beloved MCU story lines, the epic conclusion to the Avengers saga chronicles the titular superhero group's final battle with Thanos, the demigod who destroyed the universe in Infinity War. Shattering box-office records, the 2019 superhero film became the second highest-grossing film of all time (at the time) next to 2009's Avatar.
Watch Avengers: Endgame on Disney+
The Matrix
In addition to its prescient themes of machines distracting, subjugating and feeding off of human energy, The Matrix revolutionized action movies thanks to two words: "bullet time." Keanu Reeves dodging bullets became an iconic image, and the visual effect has been used in countless action and superhero movies since.
Prey
David Bukach/Hulu/Courtesy Everett Collection
A prequel to the original Predator, Prey follows Naru (Amber Midthunder), a fledgling fighter trying to protect the Comanche Nation from the extraterrestrial hunter. Set 300 years before the events of the 1987 classic, the film features an almost entirely Native and First Nation cast and is available to stream entirely in Comanche. At its debut, Prey became Hulu's biggest streaming premiere ever.
The Northman
With a cast that includes Alexander Skarsgård (who gained 20 pounds of muscle for the role), Nicole Kidman, Willem Dafoe, Ethan Hawke, Anya Taylor-Joy and Björk, The Northman is a take on the Norse folk tale of Amleth — the very legend that inspired Shakespeare's Hamlet.
When King Aurvandill (Hawke) is murdered by his own brother (Claes Bang), Prince Amleth (Skarsgård) vows to avenge his father's death — but there's far more to the treasonous slaying than meets the eye. With elements of Norse mythology and killer battle scenes, The Northman is a must-see.
Sin City
The 2005 action anthology Sin City is as much an adaptation of Frank Miller's graphic novels as it is a love letter to classic film noir. Visually stunning thanks to its mostly monochromatic palette, director Robert Rodriguez deliberately stayed as close to the source material as possible. With standout performances from Mickey Rourke and Elijah Wood, Sin City paved the way for the later comic book movie revival as a whole.
The Dark Knight
Christian Bale is a great Bruce Wayne, but it was Heath Ledger's final completed performance as the Joker that brought The Dark Knight its critical acclaim and commercial blockbuster status. From the opening bank heist to the impossible choices the Joker thrusts upon both Batman and Gotham City, Christopher Nolan's sophomore outing for the caped crusader raises resonant questions about the nature of man.
The Batman
Matt Reeves' The Batman, released in 2022, is less like a superhero epic and more of a detective thriller. Robert Pattinson plays a tortured Bruce Wayne and a brooding Batman equally well, while Zoë Kravitz brings Selina Kyle to life as a sensual, cynical Catwoman. Paul Dano is chilling as the Zodiac Killer-inspired Riddler, and he worked very hard to get there: He was such a perfectionist that Reeves said Dano filmed 200 takes of a single scene.
The Old Guard
AIMEE SPINKS/NETFLIX
The Old Guard examines a power granted to many superheroes that often goes unquestioned: the loneliness and boredom associated with immortality. Charlize Theron and the rest of the cast kill it in hand-to-hand combat scenes, and it brought some long overdue LGBTQ representation to the superhero genre.
Watch The Old Guard on Netflix
Uncharted
Tom Holland and Mark Wahlberg make an unlikely but delightful pair in Uncharted, based on the video game of the same name. Nathan "Nate" Drake (Holland), a bartender-turned-pickpocket, sets off on an adventure to find his lost brother. (Holland worked as a bartender in real life to prepare for the role.) Victor "Sully" Sullivan (Wahlberg) takes Nate under his wing to find a treasure left by Ferdinand Magellan, and it turns out that Sully and Nate are connected in more ways than they realize — and even when their friendship gets tenuous, they need each other to survive.
The Gray Man
Stanislav Honzik/Netflix
Oscar winner Ryan Gosling stars as the titular Gray Man, an assassin on the run — with the help of some chewing gum, a precocious child and Ana de Armas — from a former CIA colleague.
After nearly a decade as Captain America, Chris Evans takes a villainous turn — but it's a role he plays so well. Evans chews the scenery as the bad guy in The Gray Man, brothers Anthony and Joe Russo's first Netflix project (they previously directed Evans in four Marvel movies). The film was successful enough to greenlight both a spin-off and a sequel.
The Kid Who Would Be King
A kid-friendly option, The Kid Who Would Be King is as heartwarming as it is adrenaline-pumping. Patrick Stewart is a delight as Merlin (perhaps taking notes from his real-life bestie, Ian McKellen, and his turn as Gandalf) and Rebecca Ferguson is enchanting as wicked sorceress Morgana.
Watch The Kid Who Would Be King on Disney+
Zack Snyder's Justice League
While 2017's Justice League — taken on by Joss Whedon partway through production — had an obviously similar story, the stakes immediately feel higher in Zack Snyder's lengthy rendition of the superhero team-up. In the Snyder cut, villain Steppenwolf's motives are clearer, and his defeat of the Amazons proves that he is a force to be reckoned with. Ben Affleck's Bruce Wayne is perfectly pensive, Ray Fisher's star turn as Cyborg is fully realized, Jason Momoa's Aquaman makes a splash and Gal Gadot's Wonder Woman shows her tougher side.
Affirmative Action
Under Attack
By Dan Froomkin
Washingtonpost.com Staff
October 1998
Affirmative action is the nation's most ambitious attempt to redress its long history of racial and sexual discrimination. But these days it seems to incite, rather than ease, the nation's internal divisions.
An increasingly assertive opposition movement argues that the battle to ensure equal rights for all citizens has been fought and won – and that favoring members of one group over another simply goes against the American grain.
But defenders of affirmative action say that the playing field is not level yet – and that granting modest advantages to minorities and women is more than fair, given hundreds of years of discrimination that benefited whites and men.
This special report includes key stories from The Post, as well as select editorials and columns.
The resources and links section lists related Web sites and contains the text of President Clinton's 1995 address on the topic. You can share your thoughts in our talk area.
This essay provides an introduction to the following topics:
- What Is Affirmative Action?
- The Politics of Affirmative Action
What Is Affirmative Action?
Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions.
Institutions with affirmative action policies generally set goals and timetables for increased diversity – and use recruitment, set-asides and preference as ways of achieving those goals.
In its modern form, affirmative action can call for an admissions officer faced with two similarly qualified applicants to choose the minority over the white, or for a manager to recruit and hire a qualified woman for a job instead of a man. Affirmative action decisions are generally not supposed to be based on quotas, nor are they supposed to supply any preference to unqualified candidates. And they are not supposed to harm anyone through "reverse discrimination."
The Politics of Affirmative Action
President Clinton, asserting that the job of ending discrimination remains unfinished, strongly defends affirmative action. "Mend it, but don't end it," he says.
Conservatives, however, see ending affirmative action as a powerful political issue. Heartened by exact Supreme Court decisions that have limited affirmative action – and by the passage in 1996 of a California ballot initiative abolishing sexual and racial preferences – Republicans are taking up the battle wherever they can.
The debate over affirmative action takes on a particularly bitter tenor in the trenches. "Angry white men" blame affirmative action for robbing them of promotions and other opportunities. And while many minorities and women support affirmative action, a growing number say its benefits are no longer worth its side effect: the perception that their success is unearned.
Judging simply by the results, the playing field would appear to still be tilted very much in favor of white men. Overall, minorities and women are in vastly lower paying jobs and still face active discrimination in some sectors.
At this point in our nation's history, does affirmative action make things better or worse? The debate rages on.
Dan Froomkin can be reached at froomkin@washingtonpost.com
© Copyright 1998 The Washington Post Company
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‘Ballerina’
Between “Gunpowder Milkshake,” “Baby Assassins,” and “Kill Boksoon,” the hit woman subgenre is bubbling with new subversive takes on the masculine hired gun motif. The Korean director Lee Chung-hyun’s “Ballerina” picks up those reins for a film about Okju (Jun Jong-seo), a retired bodyguard seeking to avenge the brutal murder of her dancer friend Minhee (Park Yu-rim) at the hands of a ruthless underworld predator (Kim Ji-hun).
While the film finds thematic strength in Okju fighting a toxic patriarchy, it’s also a visual feast. Okju’s confrontation with convenience store thieves, in which she uses a can as a deadly weapon, is a whirling, cleanly composed sequence. The vibrant pink, purple and gold lighting — stylish touches that outline the close friendship shared by Okju and Minhee — often gives way to gritty and grimy shocks of violence. Those moments, which rely on Jun’s balletic movements, add a fierceness to this story.
‘The Black Book’
Lawyers for Civil Rights, a nonprofit based in Boston, is filing the civil rights complaint on behalf of Black and Latino community groups in New England, alleging that Harvard’s admissions system violates the Civil Rights Act.
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