H12-222 health - HCNP-R&S-IESN (Implementing Enterprise Routing & Switching) Updated: 2023 | ||||||||
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Exam Code: H12-222 HCNP-R&S-IESN (Implementing Enterprise Routing & Switching) health November 2023 by Killexams.com team | ||||||||
H12-222 HCNP-R&S-IESN (Implementing Enterprise Routing & Switching) HCIA-Routing & Switching certification covers basic knowledge and skills required for enterprise networks. HCIA-Routing & Switching curriculum provides trainees the skills needed to configure and maintain small-sized enterprise networks. Network engineers with HCIA-Routing & Switching certifications are able to construct small-sized enterprise networks and integrate voice, wireless, cloud, security, and storage technologies into the networks to support a variety of applications. HCIA-Routing & Switching is intended for the development of networking professionals who possess basic knowledge and skills in enterprise networks. The certification focuses on technologies involved in small-sized enterprise networks. HCIA-Routing & Switching certified engineers have a basic knowledge in the general technologies involved in small-sized enterprise networks and possess the basic network design abilities. Routing and switching network is the foundation for all network applications. Enterprises need networks that have a welldesigned architecture, high reliability, and high transmission efficiency. To meet these needs, enterprises must have professional network engineers to construct, maintain, and manage their networks. HCIA-Routing & Switching certified network engineers are able to design and deploy small-sized enterprise networks under the guidance of senior engineers, and perform basic network O&M. • A basic understanding of small-sized enterprise networks and general network technologies, and the ability to assist in the design of small-sized enterprise networks and implement the design using Huawei routing and switching equipment • Network engineers with HCIA-Routing & Switching certifications are of special importance to the business development of enterprises. The HCIA-Routing & Switching exam covers basic IP network connectivity, TCP/IP technologies, Ethernet technologies such as STP and RSTP, VLAN and Link Aggregation and their implementation within Huawei switches. Routing principles and technologies including RIP and OSPF for IPv4 and IPv6 networks, WAN technologies, IP based security, network management as well as IPv4 and IPv6 based application services. ExamOutline:HCIA-Routing & Switching exam Outline • TrainingMaterial:HCIA-Routing & Switching Training • Mock Exam:HCIA-Routing & Switching Mock Exam • e-LearningCourse:HCIA-Routing & Switching Entry Training, HCIA-Routing & Switching Intermediate Training HCIP-Routing & Switching certification covers advanced knowledge and skills required for enterprise networks. HCIP-Routing & Switching certified engineers are capable of building complete small- and medium-sized enterprise networks that fully integrate the voice, wireless, cloud, security, and storage applications required by enterprises, meeting the networking requirements of various applications, and ensuring high security, availability, and reliability. HCIP-Routing & Switching is intended for the development of networking professionals who possess advanced knowledge and skills in enterprise networks. The certification focuses on technologies involved in small- and medium-sized enterprise networks. and the ability to design small- and medium-sized enterprise networks and implement the design using Huawei network equipment. HCIP-Routing & Switching certified network engineers are able to construct and manage small- and medium-sized enterprise networks, and design solutions to ensure high security, availability, and reliability for applications on the enterprise networks. • Network engineers with HCIP-Routing & Switching certifications are of special importance to the business development of enterprises. The HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS exam covers OSPF, ISIS and BGP routing protocols, Route Control, IP Multicast protocols, and Eth-trunk, Advanced Features Switches, RSTP,MSTP and other two layer network technologies. • The HCIP-Routing & Switching-IENP exam covers MPLS, MPLS VPN, DHCP, VRRP, BFD, Mirroring technologies and Agile Controller, eSight Product Features, IP QoS, Huawei Firewall Technology Basis and SDN, VXLAN, NFV new technologies. • The HCIP-Routing & Switching-IEEP exam covers PDIOI(Network Planning, Network Design, Network Implementation, Network Maintenance, Network Troubleshooting, Network Optimization) and Network Migration. ExamOutline: HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS/ IENP/ IEEP exam Outline • Training Material: HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS Implementing Enterprise Routing and Switching Network Training, HCIPRouting & Switching-IENP Improving Enterprise Network Performance Training, HCIP-Routing & Switching IEEP Implementing Enterprise Network Engineering Project Training • Mock Exam:HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS/ IENP/ IEEP Examination • e-Learning Course: HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS Training, HCIP-Routing & Switching-IENP Training, HCIP-Routing & Switching-IEEP Training | ||||||||
HCNP-R&S-IESN (Implementing Enterprise Routing & Switching) Huawei HCNP-R&S-IESN health | ||||||||
Other Huawei examsH12-721 HCNP-Security-CISN (Huawei Certified Network Professional - Constructing Infrastructure of Security Network)H12-221 Huawei Certified Network Professional-Implementing Enterprise Routing Network H13-622 HCNP-Storage-HCNP-CBDS (Huawei Certified Network Professional- Constructing Big Data Solution H12-211 Huawei Network Technology and Device (HCNA-HNTD) H12-261 HCIE-R&S (Written) (Expert -Routing & Switching) 2023 H12-222 HCNP-R&S-IESN (Implementing Enterprise Routing & Switching) H12-223 HCNP-R&S-IENP(Improving Enterprise Network Performance) H12-311 HCIA-WLAN (Huawei Certified ICT Associate-WLAN) H12-711 HCNA-Security-CBSN(Constructing Basic Security Network) H13-511 HCNA-Cloud-BCCP (Building Cloud Computing Platform) H13-611 HCNA-Storage-BSSN(Building the Structure of Storage Network) H13-612 HCNA - Storage (HCNA-Storage-BSSN) V3.0 H13-629 HCIE-Storage (Written) (Internetwork Expert-Storage) H31-211 Huawei Certified Network Associate - HCDA (Carrier IP) H31-523 HCIE-Cloud Data Center Operations (Written) H13-523 HCNP-Cloud-FCDS H11-861-ENU HCNP-VC(Huawei Certified Network Professional Video Conference) H12-111_V2.5-ENU HCIA-IoT V2.5 H12-311-ENU Huawei Certified Network Professional Wireless Local Area H12-322_V1.0-ENU HCIP-WLAN-POEW V1.0 | ||||||||
We are doing great struggle to provide you genuine H12-222 dumps and practice test. Each H12-222 question on killexams.com has been Checked and updated by our team. All the online H12-222 dumps are tested, validated and updated according to the H12-222 course. | ||||||||
Huawei H12-222 HCNP-R&S-IESN(Implementing Enterprise Switching Network) https://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/H12-222 Question: 276 Which of the following statements regarding the DiffServ service model is false? A. You can set QoS parameters in the IP packet header to notify a network node of QoS requirements. B. Each device along the transmission path obtains the service requirements type of packets by analyzing the IP packet header. C. During DiffServ implementation, the downstream router must classify packets. D. The DiffServ service model is based on packet flows. Answer: C Question: 277 Which of the following statements regarding the DSCP priority is false? A. The first 6 bits of the ToS field (leftmost 6 bits) mark different types of services, namely, DSCP priority. B. The DSCP priority can be used to classify traffic into 32 types. C. Each DSCP priority corresponds to a Behavior Aggregate (BA), and a PHB can be specified for each BA. D. You can use some QoS mechanisms to implement PHB. Answer: B Question: 278 What are the common queue scheduling technologies? (Multiple Choice) A. FIFO B. LR C. WRR D. CIR E. CQ F. WFQ Answer: A, C, E, F Question: 279 On a carrier's MPLS VPN network, PE1 and PE2 transmit data packets between VPNs. After PE1 receives VPN route 172.16.1.0/24 from a client, it converts the route into a VPNv4 route and distributes label 1027 to the packet. After the packet arrives at PE2, PE2 distributes label 1025 to the packet. When a client on PE2 accesses this route, what are the outer and inner labels in the packet transmitted over the carrier network? A. Outer label: 1027; inner label: 1025 B. Outer label: 1025; inner label: 1025 C. Outer label: 1027; inner label: 1027 D. Outer label: 1025; inner label: 1027 Answer: D Question: 280 In vAR application scenarios, which functions of the AR Router can be virtualized on a server? (Multiple Choice) A. Firewall B. VoIP C. NAT D. VPN Answer: A, B, C, D Question: 281 A 32-bit MPLS header consists of a 20-bit label used for packet forwarding; A 3-bit EXP field that identifies the IP packet priority; A 1-bit bottom-of-stack flag that identifies the last label; And an 8- bitTTL field. Which statement regarding the TTL field is true? A. This field is used to prevent packet forwarding loops, similar to the TTL field in an IP header. B. This field is used for label management. C. This field used to control the upstream device in label distribution. D. This field limitation the LSR. Answer: A Question: 282 Which of the following command is used to apply the traffic policy to an interface on an AR router? A. traffic-policy pi inbound B. traffic classifier pi inbound C. traffic behavior pi inbound D. services-policy pi inbound Answer: A Question: 283 Which of the following are included in the full lifecycle guest management of the Agile Controller? (Multiple Choice) A. Account registration B. Account approval and distribution C. Account authentication D. Account audit and deregistration Answer: A, B, C, D Question: 284 Which of the following statements regarding the VRRP master is false? A. The VRRP master periodically sends VRRP packets. B. The VRRP master uses the virtual MAC address to respond to ARP Request packets destined for the virtual IP address. C. The VRRP master forwards IP packets destined for the virtual MAC address. D. Even if the router becomes the master, the backup router with a higher priority preempts to be the master. Answer: D Question: 285 Which command is used to enable association between BFD and OSPF on all interfaces? A. bfd enable B. bfd all-interface enable C. all-interface bfd enable D. undo bfd all-interface disable Answer: B Question: 286 On a MPLS network, switches can distribute labels. Which of the following statements regarding label distribution control mode is true? A. The downstream LSR determines a label bound to a specific FEC, and then notifies the upstream LSR. B. In Downstream on Demand (DoD) mode, an LSR distributes a label to an FEC without having to receive the label request message from its upstream LSR. C. In Downstream Unsolicited (DU) mode, an LSR distributes a label to an FEC after receiving a label request message from its upstream LSR. D. The upstream LSR and downstream LSR with label advertisement adjacencies may use different label distribution control modes. Answer: A Question: 287 Which of the following statements regarding buffer overflow attacks is false? A. The buffer overflow attack indicates that an attacker uses defects of memory operations of the software system and runs attack codes with high operation rights. B. The buffer overflow attack is irrelevant to the OS vulnerabilities and architecture. C. The buffer overflow attack is the most common attack of the software system. D. The buffer overflow attack is an application-layer attack. Answer: B For More exams visit https://killexams.com/vendors-exam-list Kill your exam at First Attempt....Guaranteed! | ||||||||
Speaking to reporters on the sidelines of the event, Alaa Elshimy, executive director and first vice president of Huawei Enterprise for the Middle East and Central Asia region, stressed that these services aim to accelerate digital transformation in various government, economic, and industrial sectors. Huawei's leadership in smart AI-based solutions, cloud solutions, 5G, and 5.5G technologies results from the company's early investment in research and development, with an annual expenditure that amounted to $23bn last year only, which equals 25% of the company's total income. Elshimy stressed that the primary goal of such investment is to provide future technologies by harnessing the potential of rapidly growing (AI) artificial intelligence, especially when combined with other advanced technologies such as cloud computing and fast wired and wireless communication networks. This is achieved in collaboration with local and regional partners and developers to build a comprehensive system of solutions for various business scenarios in different sectors and specialised industries, including banking, government services, transportation, energy, healthcare, and others. These smart applications based on artificial intelligence aim to provide a competitive edge in digital transformation. He said that Huawei has been working with over 9mn developers worldwide and approximately 40,000 partners in the development of smart solutions in various industries. Elshimy pointed out that Huawei operates with an ambitious sustainability strategy, having already saved 50mn tonnes of CO2 in the past 10 years through green products and solutions designed to reduce traditional energy consumption and replace it with clean energy. This aligns with the United Nations' sustainable development goals with the ultimate target of achieving zero CO2 energy consumption. He also talked about the opportunities available through Huawei's new business unit, "Huawei Digital Power," which focuses on smart green energy to contribute to achieving carbon neutrality and environment - friendly solutions. Huawei has maintained partnerships with over 440 universities and colleges across the region. Besides Huawei has given related training to over 120,000 technical talents across the region and certified 37,000 of them in total. Aloysius Cheang, chief cyber security officer, Huawei Middle East & Central Asia, stressed Huawei's focus on cybersecurity and the protection of the information of the users of its platforms, pouring huge investments in this area to enhance user experience. "Huawei has developed an end-to-end secure supply chain using its own comprehensive security assurance systems, which cover people, processes, and technology," he added. Huawei and TÜV Rheinland have released a white paper on optimizer safety, sharing conclusions from field testing conducted in order to verify the safety features of Huawei’s own optimizer. The paper details how adopting the new “optimizer + two-stage inverter” architecture delivers additional safety features, such as module-optimization, enabling PV modules to independently generate energy; module-monitoring, enabling real-time intelligent O&M; and module-rapid shutdown, preventing electric shocks. As optimizers deliver greater and faster ROI compared to traditional PV solutions, those solutions equipped with Module-Level Power Electronics (MLPE) are gaining popularity. In fact, statistics recently released by IHS predict a significant increase in both global shipments (77GW by 2027 vs 8.2GW in 2021) and optimizer market penetration (up to 30% by 2027 compared to 7.47% in 2021). Along with this market growth comes the necessity to adopt comprehensive measures to reach the highest safety standards to safeguard both individuals and property. Huawei’s innovative architecture helps address these challenges by offering features such as rapid shutdown technology combined with intelligent arc fault detection. In the case of a fire-related incident in a PV system, the safety features allow firefighters to carry out safe, fast and efficient interventions. In similar situations, traditional PV systems would only present a perilous environment, preventing any safe intervention, potentially resulting in a prolonged fire that would cause further damage to the site. Huawei and TÜV Rheinland conducted field tests on optimizers to verify their safety features. The test results show that, when disconnecting the DC and AC switches, the MPPT inverter voltage drops to zero V, Huawei optimizer in 25s (DC) and 11s(AC), which meet the requirements of the NEC 2020 690.12 standard. ![]() Alongside safety features, this innovative architecture offers the ability to maximize the full potential of PV modules, enabling systems to achieve higher installed capacity in challenging situations such as areas with limited space or with temporary shadow. Huawei and TÜV have conducted a test comparing PV installed energy capacity both with and without optimizers on the roof of a school. The results demonstrate that the installed capacity has increased by 25.9% after optimizers were used. ![]() In addition, verification was performed in the scenario where mismatchwascaused by old modules. The PV energy yield of the household equipped with optimizers was 3.56% and 2.73% higher than that of the other two households without optimizers. ![]() ![]() ![]() We include products we think are useful for our readers. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Here’s our process. Medical News Today only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we:
Was this helpful? Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the oldest cereal grains in the world. It contains carbohydrates, which provide energy to the body, but can raise blood sugar. People typically categorise rice into two types: white or brown. People have grown the grain for at least 5,000 years. It is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population, and 90% of the world’s rice comes from Asia. There are thousands of types of rice, but depending on how producers process them, they fit into two groups: white or brown (whole grain). White rice is the most common type, though brown rice offers more health benefits. Brown rice comes in a variety of shades, including reddish, purplish, or black. It has more fiber, which helps support gut health and reduce inflammation. Manufacturers make many products from rice, including rice flour, rice syrup, rice bran oil, and rice milk. This article looks at the nutrition, health benefits, and risks of white and brown rice. Both white and brown rice contain mainly carbohydrate and some protein, with virtually no fat or sugar. Cooked rice contains a lot of water, making up almost 70% of its total weight. White and brown rice have similar calorie, carbohydrate, protein, and fat content. A 100 gram (g) serving of white, short-grain, cooked rice contains the following nutrients: CarbohydrateRice is primarily composed of carbohydrate, which makes up almost 80% of its total dry weight. Most of the carbohydrate in rice is starch. Starch is the most common form of carbohydrate in foods. Starch is made up of long chains of glucose called amylose and amylopectin. Different types of rice have varying amounts of these compounds, which affects the texture of the rice:
These compounds also affect how easily the body can digest the rice. The body takes longer to digest high-amylose rice because the amylose slows down starch digestion. In contrast, the body digests sticky rice very easily. While many people find sticky rice more palatable, quick digestion can lead to unhealthful spikes in blood sugar levels, especially in people with diabetes. FiberBrown rice contains a higher amount of dietary fiber than white rice — 1.6 g per 100 g. During the processing of white rice, the grain loses the bran, or seed coat, which contains most of the fiber. The bran contains mainly insoluble fibers, such as hemicellulose, and virtually no soluble fiber. White and brown rice contain varying amounts of a soluble fiber called resistant starch. Resistant starch increases butyrate in the gut. Butyrate boosts gut health by reducing inflammation, improving gut barrier function, and reducing the risk of colon cancer. White rice is refined, polished, and stripped of its bran and germ. This increases its cooking quality, shelf life, and tastiness, but significantly reduces its nutritional value. That said, manufacturers usually enrich white rice or replace some vitamins after processing. Brown rice is an intact whole grain, containing both the bran and the germ, which are the most nutritious parts of the grain. They contain fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. For this reason, brown rice may contain more fiber and nutrients than white rice. Be sure to compare labels when shopping. Brown rice is better for people with diabetes. White rice can raise blood sugar, while brown rice has a lower glycemic index and can help with blood sugar control. Aside from providing energy and basic nutrients, refined white rice does not offer any health benefits. Enriched white rice does contain added B vitamins that are important for health. On the other hand, regular consumption of brown, or whole grain, rice can have health benefits. Be sure to compare labels when shopping. Heart healthBrown rice is a whole grain. Whole grains have a wide range of health benefits. According to the American Heart Association, whole grains Improve blood cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Brown rice contains several heart healthy components, such as minerals, antioxidants, lignans, and dietary fiber. Eating high fiber rice as a substitute for white rice may aid weight loss, along with a decrease in cholesterol. Healthful plant compoundsBrown rice contains several other plant compounds that research has linked with health benefits. White rice is a poor source of antioxidants and other plant compounds. Pigmented rice, including red-grained varieties such as purple rice, is particularly rich in antioxidants. The bran of brown rice may be a good source of lignans and ferulic acid:
Vitamins and mineralsThe nutrient value of rice depends on the variety and cooking method. The bran and germ contain a high concentration of vitamins and minerals. White rice does not contain bran or germ and lacks these essential dietary nutrients. Enrichment may add back some vitamins to white rice. Be sure to read labels when shopping, as different brands may add different vitamins. The following table looks at the amounts of different nutrients in 100 g of brown rice, white rice, and enriched white rice for comparison:
Rice also contains some pantothenic acid, phosphorus, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6, copper, and folate. Rice is a safe food staple. Regularly eating rice may, however, have risks, especially if it accounts for a large proportion of a person’s daily food intake. Type 2 diabetesType 2 diabetes is a common condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. According to a 2019 review, white rice may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. This is because it has a high glycemic index score, meaning that it can cause large spikes in blood sugar after a meal. Foods with a high glycemic index may increase the risk of diabetes. That said, the review concludes that the differences between brown and white rice are inconclusive, and further studies in dietary patterns characterized by rice are needed. On the other hand, brown rice — like other whole grains that contain fiber — may help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. This difference between white and brown rice may be due to variations in the types and amounts of fibers and their glycemic index scores. It is important to note that consuming too many carbohydrates from any source can raise blood glucose levels, so it is important to control portion size regardless of whether the rice is whole grain or refined. Eating fiber-rich whole grains instead of refined grains may have significant health benefits, including a reduced risk of diabetes. Read more about rice and diabetes here. Heavy metalsHeavy metals can accumulate in the body over time, leading to adverse health effects. These include cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and arsenic. Many studies have reported excessive amounts of heavy metals in rice from several countries. This a particular concern where rice makes up a significant portion of a person’s diet. The bran contains a high concentration of heavy metals, which is why brown rice contains more heavy metals than white rice. Compared to other common food crops grown in polluted areas, rice accumulates higher amounts of mercury and arsenic. All cereal grains easily take up arsenic, but it seems to collect more in rice compared with wheat and barley. If possible, people should avoid eating rice grown near heavily polluted industrial or mining areas. This also applies to other food crops, such as vegetables. AntinutrientsBrown rice also contains an antioxidant called phytic acid, or phytate. This is known as an antinutrient because it prevents the body from absorbing essential minerals, such as iron and zinc. Producers can reduce phytic acid levels by soaking and sprouting the seeds and fermenting the rice before cooking. Rice is a staple food across the world. White rice is the most common, but brown rice may have more health benefits. As a good source of several healthy minerals and antioxidants, brown rice may help prevent heart disease. On the other hand, white rice — especially sticky rice — provides fewer nutrients and may raise the risk of type 2 diabetes. Be sure to read the nutrition facts panel and compare the nutrient content and purchase enriched versions of rice when available. Rice and rice products are available for purchase in grocery stores and online. More than 55% of all undergraduates study abroad in their W&M careers. William & Mary is consistently ranked as one of the top public universities for undergraduate study abroad participation. At William & Mary, students can participate in a wide range of programs that span the globe, and courses that meet certain requirements can be used to fulfill the COLL 300 requirement while doing so! You can start your search below. Know when you want to go but not what kind of program? Search by term. Just have a destination in mind and figure you'll find a program that goes there? Search by destination. Search by...Citric acid naturally occurs in citrus fruits. Synthetic versions are produced from a type of mold and are often used as an additive. They can cause adverse reactions in some people. Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits, especially lemons and limes. It’s what gives them their tart, sour taste. A manufactured form of citric acid is commonly used as an additive in food, cleaning agents, and nutritional supplements. However, this manufactured form differs from what’s found naturally in citrus fruits. For this reason, you may wonder whether it’s good or bad for you. This article explains the differences between natural and manufactured citric acid, and explores its benefits, uses, and safety. Citric acid was first derived from lemon juice by a Swedish researcher in 1784 (1). The odorless and colorless compound was produced from lemon juice until the early 1900s when researchers discovered that it could also be made from the black mold Aspergillus niger, which creates citric acid when it feeds on sugar (1, 2). Because of its acidic, sour-tasting nature, citric acid is predominantly used as a flavoring and preserving agent, especially in soft drinks and candies. It’s also used to stabilize or preserve medicines and as a disinfectant.
Citrus fruits and their juices are the best natural sources of citric acid (3). In fact, the word citric originates from the Latin word citrus (2). Examples of citrus fruits include:
Other fruits also contain citric acid but in lesser amounts. These include:
Beverages or food products that contain these fruits — such as ketchup in the case of tomatoes — also contain citric acid. While not naturally occurring, citric acid is also a byproduct of cheese, wine, and sourdough bread production. The citric acid listed in the ingredients of foods and supplements is manufactured — not what’s naturally found in citrus fruits (4). This is because producing this additive from citrus fruits is too expensive, and the demand far exceeds the supply.
The characteristics of citric acid make it an important additive for a variety of industries. Food and beverages use an estimated 70% of manufactured citric acid, pharmaceutical and dietary supplements use 20%, and the remaining 10% goes into cleaning agents (4). Food industryManufactured citric acid is one of the most common food additives in the world. It’s used to boost acidity, enhance flavor, and preserve ingredients (5). Sodas, juices, powdered beverages, candies, frozen foods, and some dairy products often contain manufactured citric acid. It’s also sometimes added to canned fruits and vegetables to protect against botulism, a rare but serious illness caused by the toxin-producing Clostridium botulinum bacterium. Medicines and dietary supplementsCitric acid is an industrial staple in medicines and dietary supplements. It’s added to medicines to help stabilize and preserve the active ingredients and used to enhance or mask the taste of chewable and syrup-based medications (6). Mineral supplements, such as magnesium and calcium, may also contain citric acid (in the form of citrate) to enhance absorption. Disinfecting and cleaningCitric acid is a useful disinfectant against a variety of bacteria and viruses (7, 8, 9). A test-tube study showed that it may treat or prevent human norovirus, a leading cause of foodborne illness (10). Citric acid is commercially sold as a general disinfectant and cleaning agent for removing soap scum, hard water stains, lime, and rust. It’s viewed as a safer alternative to conventional disinfectant and cleaning products, such as quat and chlorine bleach (1).
Citric acid has many impressive health benefits and functions. Metabolizes energyCitrate — a closely related molecule of citric acid — is the first molecule that forms during a process called the citric acid cycle. Also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle, these chemical reactions in your body help transform food into usable energy (11). Humans and other organisms derive the majority of their energy from this cycle. Enhances nutrient absorptionSupplemental minerals are available in a variety of forms. But not all forms are created equal, as your body uses some more effectively. Citric acid enhances the bioavailability of minerals, allowing your body to better absorb them (12, 13, 14). For example, calcium citrate doesn’t require stomach acid for absorption. It also has fewer side effects — such as gas, bloating, or constipation — than another form called calcium carbonate (15, 16). Thus, calcium citrate is a better option for people with less stomach acid, such as older adults. Similarly, magnesium in the citrate form is absorbed more completely and more bioavailable than magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate (17, 18, 19). May protect against kidney stonesCitric acid — in the form of potassium citrate — prevents new kidney stone formation and breaks apart those already formed (20, 21, 22). Kidney stones are solid masses made of crystals that typically originate in your kidneys. Citric acid protects against kidney stones by making your urine less favorable for the formation of stones (23). Kidney stones are often treated with citric acid as potassium citrate. However, consuming foods high in this natural acid — like citrus fruits — can offer similar kidney-stone-preventing benefits (3, 24).
Manufactured citric acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (5). No scientific studies exist investigating the safety of manufactured citric acid when consumed in large amounts for long periods. Still, there have been reports of sickness and allergic reactions to the additive. One report found joint pain with swelling and stiffness, muscular and stomach pain, as well as shortness of breath in four people after they consumed foods containing manufactured citric acid (4). These same symptoms were not observed in people consuming natural forms of the acid, such as lemons and limes. Researchers acknowledged that they couldn’t prove the manufactured citric acid was responsible for those symptoms but recommended that its use in foods and beverages be further studied. In either case, the scientists suggested that the symptoms were most likely related to the mold used to produce the citric acid rather than the compound itself.
Citric acid is naturally found in citrus fruits, but synthetic versions, which are produced from a type of mold, are commonly added to foods, medicines, supplements, and cleaning agents. While mold residues from the manufacturing process may trigger allergies in rare cases, citric acid is generally deemed safe. R Kelly has faced accusations of sexual misconduct since the 1990s For more than two decades, chart-topping R&B singer R. Kelly had faced allegations of sexual abuse. The accounts went back to the start of his career in the 1990s, with many centring on the predatory pursuit of teenage girls. In 2022, he was jailed for 30 years after being found guilty of eight counts of sex trafficking and one of racketeering in a New York court. Months later, he was convicted of child sexual abuse in a second federal trial in Chicago. The singer - whose real name is Robert Sylvester Kelly - is also due to face sexual misconduct charges Minnesota. Kelly was himself the victim of child sex abuse, and detailed in his autobiography how he was raped by a female family member when he was eight years old. Here is a history of the accusations against him.
1994: Marries AaliyahKelly, then aged 27, wed 15-year-old singer Aaliyah at a secret ceremony in Chicago. Vibe magazine later discovered Aaliyah had lied about her age on the wedding certificate, listing herself as 18. The marriage was annulled in February 1995. A former tour manager for Kelly testified at his trial that he bribed a government worker in 1994 to obtain a fake ID for Aaliyah - so the singers could marry. For the rest of her career, Aaliyah dodged questions about the nature of her relationship. "When people ask me, I tell them, 'Hey, don't believe all that mess,'" she told one interviewer. "We're close and people took it the wrong way." Image source, Getty Images
Kelly wrote and produced Aaliyah's debut album, calling it Age Ain't Nothing But A Number Kelly rarely spoke about Aaliyah after she died in a plane crash in 2001. She is not mentioned in his autobiography, where an author's note explains "certain episodes could not be included for complicated reasons". In a 2016 interview with GQ magazine, he described their relationship as "best, best, best, best friends", but declined to comment on their marriage, saying: "I will never have that conversation with anyone. Out of respect for Aaliyah, and her mother and father who have asked me not to personally."
1996: Sued for emotional distressTiffany Hawkins sued R. Kelly for the "personal injuries and emotional distress" she suffered during a three-year relationship with the star. In court documents, she said she began having sex with Kelly in 1991, when she was 15 and he was 24, and the relationship ended when she turned 18. According to the Chicago Sun Times, Ms Hawkins sought $10m in damages but accepted a fraction of that amount ($250,000) when the case was settled in 1998. Kelly's spokeswoman said she had "no knowledge" of the accusations. Image source, Getty Images
Kelly continued to release successful songs, and win major awards, as accusations accumulated around him
2001: Sued by internTracy Sampson sued R. Kelly, accusing him of inducing her "into an indecent sexual relationship" when she was 17. The woman, a former intern at Epic Records, said she was "treated as his personal sex object and cast aside". "He often tried to control every aspect of my life including who I would see and where I would go," she said. The case was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, according to the New York Post.
April/May 2002: Two more court casesKelly is sued by Patrice Jones, a Chicago woman who claimed he impregnated her when she was under age, and that she was forced to have an abortion. Montina Woods also sued Kelly, alleging that he videotaped them having sex without her knowledge. The recording was allegedly circulated on a "sex tape" sold by bootleggers under the title R. Kelly Triple-X. The singer settled both cases out of court, paying undisclosed sums in return for non-disclosure agreements.
June 2002: Charged over child abuse videosHe is charged with 21 counts of making child sexual abuse videos involving various sexual acts. Chicago police accused him of taping the acts and enticing a minor to participate in them. All the charges related to one girl, born in September 1984. His arrest stemmed from a video that was sent anonymously to the Chicago Sun Times earlier in the year. They passed it on to police, who Checked its authenticity with help from FBI forensic experts. Kelly, who posted $750,000 bail, immediately denied the charges in an interview with MTV and later pleaded not guilty in court. It took six years for the case to come to trial, during which time Kelly released his wildly successful Trapped In The Closet album and was nominated for an Image Award by the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), prompting widespread criticism. The jury eventually concluded they could not prove that the girl on the tape was a minor, and Kelly was found not guilty on all counts.
2002-2004: Arrest prompts further chargesKelly was charged with a further 12 counts of producing child sexual abuse images in Florida, where he was arrested at his holiday home. These charges came after police seized a camera during the arrest, which allegedly contained images of him having sex with an underage girl. The charges were dropped when a judge agreed with Kelly's defence team that police lacked sufficient evidence to justify a search.
2017: Allegations of a 'cult'A long and detailed Buzzfeed report accused R. Kelly of trapping six women in a sex "cult". The article alleged that Kelly seduced young women when they approached him for help with their music careers, before taking control of their lives - dictating "what they eat, how they dress, when they bathe, when they sleep, and how they engage in sexual encounters that he records". Kelly also confiscated the women's mobile phones, the report said, barring contact with friends and family. The allegations came from three former employees and the parents of several women, who said their daughters had all but vanished.
2017-2018: Victims approach the pressBuzzfeed's report prompted further allegations. Jerhonda Pace broke a non-disclosure agreement to speak about having sex with Kelly while she was underage. Another woman, Kitti Jones, claimed the star starved her, coerced her into sexual encounters with other women and physically abused her. Ms Pace would go on to testify against Kelly in the 2021 trial. Ms Kitti, along with other members of R. Kelly's inner circle, also spoke to a BBC Three documentary in March 2018. One former friend and collaborator, Lovell Jones, said Kelly asked him to scout out women "that looked young" at parties, and claimed that it was "common knowledge" that the singer preferred young girls.
2018: #MuteRKelly, staff departures and new court caseThe #MuteRKelly campaign lobbied record label RCA to sever ties with the singer. They also targeted concert promoters, ticket sellers and streaming services - with Spotify, Apple Music and Pandora all agreeing to demote Kelly's songs from their playlists (a decision that was later reversed). Around the same time, the star's lawyer, publicist and personal assistant all quit - although attorney Linda Mensch said her departure was "unrelated to any allegations related to Mr Kelly's social life". Kelly continued to perform live despite protests outside his shows, and was filmed saying the campaign against him was "too late". "Only God can mute me," he sang defiantly on a song called I Admit. "Am I supposed to go to jail or lose my career because of your opinion?" Meanwhile, the star was sued by a former partner who said he "intentionally" infected her with a sexually transmitted disease.
2019: New documentary leads to chargesOver the course of six hour-long episodes, Lifetime documentary Surviving R. Kelly presented the most comprehensive look yet at the allegations against the musician. Two weeks after the programme was broadcast, Kelly was dropped by his record company. Planned concerts in the US and New Zealand were cancelled. In February, celebrity lawyer Michael Avenatti said he had obtained a video showing Kelly having sex with a 14-year-old girl. Weeks later, Kelly was charged in Chicago with 10 counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse. He pleaded not guilty and gave a histrionic TV interview. R. Kelly in tearful sex abuse charges interview Prosecutors later filed an additional 11 charges of sexual assault and abuse against a minor aged between 13 and 16. The charging documents described sex and oral sex with a minor "by the use of force or threat of force". The accuser was thought to be one of the women featured in Surviving R. Kelly, who said she met the singer during a previous trial.
July 2019: Sex Trafficking chargesImage source, Reuters
R. Kelly appears for a hearing at Leighton Criminal Court Building in Chicago, Illinois Kelly was hit with two separate federal indictments in Illinois and Brooklyn. Combined, the allegations depicted an organised effort from the singer and his associates to recruit and transport underage girls over state lines for illegal sexual purposes, including the production of child sex abuse images, as well as conspiracy to obstruct justice by destroying evidence and bribing or threatening witnesses.
August 2019: Prostitution chargesProsecutors in Minnesota filed prostitution charges against R. Kelly, meaning he faced criminal cases in three US states. He was accused of soliciting a teenager who asked him for an autograph in 2001. Kelly allegedly invited the 17-year-old to his hotel room and offered her $200 (£164) to undress and dance with him. Kelly's lawyer said the charges were "beyond absurd". Image source, Getty Images
R. Kelly in court in September 2019
August-September 2020: Prison assaultTowards the end of August, Kelly was attacked in his sleep by a fellow inmate in Chicago's Metropolitan Correctional Centre. His lawyer called for his immediate release, saying "the government cannot ensure his safety". However, the request - along with numerous other attempts to get Kelly released on bail - was denied.
August 2021: Aaliyah relationship confirmedIn the last pre-trial hearing before Kelly's trial, US District Judge Ann M Donnelly made a series of rulings to narrow down what evidence could be shown to jurors. During the hearing, she asked one of the singer's lawyers whether they denied the star had sexual relations with Aaliyah while she was underage. According to the Associated Press, Thomas A Farinella "let out a deep sigh and responded, 'No.'"
August-September 2021: Trial and guilty verdictThe trial began on 18 August in New York. Read more about the trial: On 27 September, following two days of deliberation, the jury found R. Kelly guilty on all nine counts. Gloria Allred, a lawyer who represented several victims, told reporters: "I've been practising law for 47 years. During this time, I've pursued many sexual predators who have committed crimes against women and children. "Of all the predators that I have pursued, Mr Kelly is the worst."
November 2021: Witness intimidationA man was sentenced to eight years in prison after intimidating a witness before Kelly's New York trial. In June 2020, Michael Williams set fire to a car belonging to the father of a witness who was due to testify in order to "prevent the victim-witness from continuing to co-operate", according a statement from the attorney's office in New York. "Williams attempted to use violence and intimidation to divert the course of justice and prevent a victim's voice from being heard," they said.
June 2022: New York sentencingKelly was sentenced to 30 years in prison for using his celebrity status to sexually abuse children and women. US District Judge Ann Donnelly said the singer had an "indifference to human suffering" and had used sex as a weapon, forcing his victims to do unspeakable things while saddling some with sexually transmitted diseases. "You taught them that love is enslavement and violence," she said. Some of the women who were abused by the singer described how he had "destroyed so many people's lives" as they addressed him in court before he was sentenced. Lawyers for Kelly said he would appeal.
August 2022: New federal trial in ChicagoKelly had a "dark" and "hidden" side that the public rarely saw during his career, prosecutors said at the opening of his second federal trial. The singer was on trial in his home town, Chicago, for child pornography, obstruction of justice and other charges. A woman at the heart of the trial testified that the R&B singer had sex with her "hundreds" of times before she turned 18. Image source, Reuters
The 37-year-old woman, known as Jane, said improper contact with Kelly began when she was just 13. His lawyers insisted he was not "a monster" and deserves a fair trial.
September 2022: Another guilty verdictThe disgraced star was found guilty of child sexual abuse in his second federal trial. The jury convicted him on six out of 13 counts, including three of child pornography, after the four-week Chicago case. He was acquitted of a charge of conspiring to obstruct justice, related to his 2008 child pornography trial.
November 2022: Manager pleads guilty to threatening victimR. Kelly's former manager was sentenced to 20 months in prison for stalking and harassing one of the singer's victims. Donnell Russell pleaded guilty in July to using threats and intimidation to silence one of the women Kelly abused. Using an alias, he published explicit photos of her online in an attempt to stop her testifying against his client.
January 2023: Some charges dropped as 'justice is served'A Chicago prosecutor said she was dropping sexual abuse and assault charges dating back as far as 1998 against Kelly, who was already facing decades in prison. Cook County State's Attorney Kim Foxx said her office "will no longer be pursuing these indictments", adding: "Sometimes justice is served even when there is no conviction."
February 2023: 20-year sentence for child sex crimesA Chicago judge sentences Kelly to 20 years in prison, following the 2022 trial in which a jury found he had enticed minors for sex and produced child sexual imagery. However, in a victory for the singer's lawyers, the judge said that all but one of those years would be served at the same time as his previous 30-year prison sentence. The judge said he would have dealt a heftier sentence if the Chicago trial had come first. “The 360” shows you diverse perspectives on the day’s top stories and debates. What’s happening
Why there’s debate
PerspectivesWe can’t scare teenagers away from drug use “It’s not as if these kids are unsuspecting and have never seen the consequences of drug use before. … They’ve already got enough fear as it is.” — Kelli Caseman, executive director of Think Kids, to Colorado Public Radio It’s dangerous to pretend that we can convince teens to never touch drugs “There’s the reality that people do do drugs that is not accounted for in Just Say No programming. … If all you give to young people are a million different ways that they can say no, how are they gonna have the skills and information to be able to deal when they inevitably say yes to drugs?” — Sasha Simon, drug prevention program designer, to KQED Police can’t deliver the message to the kids who need to hear it the most “Students' acceptance of the prevention message depends on their trust in and their perceived credibility of the source. With the disintegration of the public's trust in police, it is hard to argue that they still make ideal prevention messengers.” — Khary Rigg, Newsweek Antidrug programs are a stopgap. Only society-level change can truly end teen drug abuse “In the long term, effective addiction prevention requires social change to prevent or at least intervene early in childhood trauma, creating communities conducive to mental health with safe, nurturing schools, stimulating extracurricular activities and access to comprehensive health care. But first, we need to keep young people alive, and that means having uncomfortable, honest conversations.” — Maia Szalavitz, New York Times Kids in the most vulnerable communities aren’t getting the support they deserve “Data on school-based drug prevention education programs is somewhat sparse. But available statistics indicate that they’re not reaching students uniformly. … Schools with a higher proportion of white and affluent students received significantly more prevention programs than in schools where Black, Hispanic, or economically disadvantaged students made up a majority of the student body.” — Elizabeth Heubeck, Education Week Students need practical advice to protect themselves, not buzzy catchphrases “What we really need to be doing is equipping them with skills and understanding to stay safe. That means understanding that pills and powders are the highest risk. It also means knowing to encourage their friends never to use alone, making sure there’s someone there to call 911 if things go bad. And making sure there’s[anti-overdose drug] naloxone on hand, because opioid overdoses are 100% preventable and reversible if naloxone is on hand quickly.” — Joseph Friedman, a public health researcher at the University of California, to WBUR Drug education will fail unless it’s entwined with mental health support “Substance use disorder is one type of mental health problem, and when you have one problem of this type, you are more likely to have other problems in the same area. So educating students about mental health and substance abuse makes a lot of sense. … Good mental health is not possible if a substance use disorder exists, and vice versa.” — Sarah Martin, a child and adolescent psychiatrist, to Texas Tribune Fentanyl in so dangerous, it makes the old strategies obsolete “We used to understand drugs as a potential ‘pathway’ to addiction. But now, there is no pathway — it’s a minefield. The risk has changed from eventual death to immediate death. … It’s extremely urgent that young people understand this.” — Ed Ternan, drug awareness advocate, to EdSource Frankincense is a resin with a history in traditional medicine. It is sometimes used to help manage arthritis, asthma, and other health conditions. But don’t believe everything you read on the packaging. Many of its health claims are unproven. Frankincense, also known as olibanum, is made from the resin of the Boswellia tree. This tree typically grows in the dry, mountainous regions of India, Africa, and the Middle East. Frankincense has a woody, spicy smell and can be inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or taken as a supplement. Here are 5 science-backed benefits of frankincense — as well as 7 myths. Frankincense has anti-inflammatory effects that may help reduce joint inflammation caused by arthritis. Researchers believe that frankincense can prevent the release of leukotrienes, which are compounds that can cause inflammation (1, 2). Terpenes, including boswellic acid, appear to be the strongest anti-inflammatory compounds in frankincense (3, 4). In one 2014 study, both oral and topical boswellic acid reduced cartilage loss and joint lining inflammation in osteoarthritis in mice (5). In humans, frankincense extract may help reduce symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (6, 2). In one 2018 review, frankincense was consistently more effective than a placebo at reducing osteoarthritis pain and improving mobility (7). However, the review noted that the quality of most studies was low and more research is needed. In a subsequent study, participants took 169.33 mg of boswellia extract twice daily for 120 days. Results indicated that the supplement reduced inflammation, joint pain, and stiffness in mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis, without serious side effects (8). Another study found that oliban oil, another name for frankincense, reduced osteoarthritis pain when applied to the skin for 6 weeks. However, participants’ ability to do daily activities or participate in sports didn’t show significant improvements (9). Combinations of frankincense with other supplements may also be effective. A 2018 study found that 350 mg curcuminoid and 150 mg boswellic acid supplement taken 3 times per day for 12 weeks was associated with reduced osteoarthritis pain. The combination was more effective than curcumin on its own or a placebo (10). Similarly, taking a combination of 5 g of methylsulfonylmethane and 7.2 mg of boswellic acids daily for 60 days was more effective at improving pain and function than taking glucosamine sulfate, a standard supplement for osteoarthritis (11). For rheumatoid arthritis, researchers induced arthritis in rats then treated them with 180 mg/kg of boswellia extract. They found that frankincense reduced inflammation but wasn’t as effective as standard medications (12). Overall, more research is needed, particularly for rheumatoid arthritis (5, 6, 13).
Frankincense’s anti-inflammatory properties may also help your gut function properly. One 2017 study found that frankincense, in combination with other herbal medicines, reduced abdominal pain, bloating, and even associated depression and anxiety in people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (14). Another study also indicated that boswellia 250 mg tablets taken daily for 6 months improved symptoms in people with IBS (15). This resin appears particularly effective at reducing symptoms of ulcerative colitis, one of the main inflammatory gut conditions. A study found that boswellia extract taken daily for 4 weeks improved symptoms in people with mild ulcerative colitis in remission (16). Boswellia extract also had anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in rats with colitis (17). However, most studies were small or not done in people. Therefore, more research is needed before strong conclusions can be made.
Traditional medicine has used frankincense to treat bronchitis and asthma for centuries. Research suggests that its compounds may prevent the production of leukotrienes, which cause the bronchial muscles to constrict in asthma (18). Frankincense may also affect Th2 cytokines, which can cause inflammation and mucus overproduction in people with asthma (19). In one small study, people who took a daily supplement of 500 mg boswellia extract in addition to their standard asthma treatment were able to take fewer inhalations of their regular medications during the 4-week study (18). Additionally, when researchers gave people 200 mg of a supplement made from frankincense and the South Asian fruit bael (Aegle marmelos), they found that the supplement was more effective than a placebo at reducing asthma symptoms (20). In another study, asthma symptoms in mice improved with boswellic acid, a component of frankincense resin (21).
Frankincense may help Improve oral hygiene and prevent gum disease. The boswellic acids it provides appear to have strong antibacterial properties, which may help prevent and treat oral infections (4). In one test-tube study, frankincense extract was effective against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a bacteria that causes aggressive gum disease (22). In another very small study, participants chewed gum containing frankincense for 5 hours, with saliva samples indicating reduced numbers of microbes each hour (23). The authors suggested that frankincense may decrease sources of infection in the mouth. However, more research is needed on the effect of frankincense on oral health.
Studies show that frankincense may have anticancer effects. Test-tube studies suggest that the boswellic acids it contains might prevent cancer cells from spreading (24, 25). A research review notes that boswellic acids may also prevent the formation of DNA in cancerous cells, which could help limit cancer growth (1). So far, test-tube studies suggest that frankincense may fight breast, prostate, pancreatic, skin, and colon cancer cells (25, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29). It may also help reduce side effects of cancer treatment. In one study of people being treated for brain tumors, 4,500 mg of boswellic acid extract taken each day helped reduce brain edema — an accumulation of fluid in the brain — while also lowering participants’ regular medication dose (30). However, more research in humans is needed.
Although frankincense is praised for multiple health benefits, not all of them are backed by science. The 7 following claims have very little evidence behind them. Yet, while very little research exists to support these claims, very little exists to deny them, either. Until more studies are done, however, these claims can be considered myths:
Frankincense can be used in several ways to treat a variety of conditions. You can take it as a supplement in the form of a capsule or tablet, or use it in skin creams. It is also available as an essential oil for aromatherapy or topical use. It’s important to dilute this form with a carrier oil before applying it to the skin and to avoid ingesting it. Frankincense is generally safe to use, but as with any supplement, it’s important to talk with a healthcare professional before taking it.
The optimal dosage of frankincense is not well understood and may vary by person or condition. The amounts listed below are based on doses used in scientific studies. Most studies use frankincense supplements in tablet form. The following dosages have been used in human research:
Aside from tablets, studies have also used frankincense in gum for oral health and in creams for arthritis. That said, no dosage information for these creams is available (23, 9). If you’re considering supplementing with frankincense, ask a healthcare professional about a recommended dosage.
Frankincense is considered safe for most people. It has been used as a remedy for thousands of years without severe side effects, and the resin has a low toxicity (35). One study found that doses up to 1,000 mg/kg were not toxic in rats (40). This is equivalent to almost five times the typical maximum dose for humans of 1,500 mg per day. Still, more research is needed on toxic doses of frankincense in people. Side effects reported in scientific studies have included indigestion, constipation, and nausea (41, 42, 43). Some research reports that frankincense may increase the risk of miscarriage in pregnancy, so pregnant people or those trying to become pregnant may want to avoid it (44). Frankincense may also interact with some medications, particularly blood thinners like warfarin and possibly nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (45, 46). If you’re taking any of these medications, discuss frankincense with your doctor before using it. The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) cautioned in a 2020 report that some supplements, including frankincense, may interfere with the body’s inflammatory response during a COVID-19 infection (47). On the other hand, some research has suggested that frankincense may be an effective complementary therapy for COVID-19 due to its anti-inflammatory properties. More research is needed on its safety, effectiveness, and reactions with other medications (48, 49, 50).
What are the benefits of frankincense?Used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, frankincense appears to offer certain health benefits, from improved arthritis and digestion to reduced asthma. How is frankincense used in healing?Frankincense is used to treat a wide variety of medical conditions. This resin may benefit things like arthritis, as well as gut and oral health. It may even have anticancer properties. What happens if you put frankincense directly on the skin?Frankincense oil is touted as an effective natural anti-acne and anti-wrinkle remedy. A recent study suggested that frankincense essential oil may have potential for skin care, but little other research has been completed (51). While frankincense is likely safe for most people, it may cause side effects in pregnant people and people taking certain medications. As with any supplement, it’s best to speak with a healthcare professional before trying it. The Young Farmers & Ranchers Program allows young agriculturalists the opportunity to see how impactful our unified voice can truly be. While helping us grow our leadership and advocacy skills, YF&R prepares us to make an immediate impact on ourselves, our local communities, the agriculture industry, and AFBF as a whole. — Matt Fimon, 2023-24 AFBF YF&R Committee Chair | ||||||||
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