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H12-222 HCNP-R&S-IESN (Implementing Enterprise Routing & Switching)

HCIA-Routing & Switching certification covers basic knowledge and skills required for enterprise networks. HCIA-Routing &
Switching curriculum provides trainees the skills needed to configure and maintain small-sized enterprise networks. Network
engineers with HCIA-Routing & Switching certifications are able to construct small-sized enterprise networks and integrate
voice, wireless, cloud, security, and storage technologies into the networks to support a variety of applications.



HCIA-Routing & Switching is intended for the development of networking professionals who possess basic knowledge and skills
in enterprise networks. The certification focuses on technologies involved in small-sized enterprise networks. HCIA-Routing &
Switching certified engineers have a basic knowledge in the general technologies involved in small-sized enterprise networks
and possess the basic network design abilities.



Routing and switching network is the foundation for all network applications. Enterprises need networks that have a welldesigned architecture, high reliability, and high transmission efficiency. To meet these needs, enterprises must have
professional network engineers to construct, maintain, and manage their networks. HCIA-Routing & Switching certified
network engineers are able to design and deploy small-sized enterprise networks under the guidance of senior engineers,
and perform basic network O&M.

• A basic understanding of small-sized enterprise networks and general network technologies, and the ability to assist in the
design of small-sized enterprise networks and implement the design using Huawei routing and switching equipment
• Network engineers with HCIA-Routing & Switching certifications are of special importance to the business development of
enterprises.



The HCIA-Routing & Switching exam covers basic IP network connectivity, TCP/IP technologies, Ethernet technologies such
as STP and RSTP, VLAN and Link Aggregation and their implementation within Huawei switches. Routing principles and
technologies including RIP and OSPF for IPv4 and IPv6 networks, WAN technologies, IP based security, network
management as well as IPv4 and IPv6 based application services.



ExamOutline:HCIA-Routing & Switching exam Outline

• TrainingMaterial:HCIA-Routing & Switching Training

• Mock Exam:HCIA-Routing & Switching Mock Exam

• e-LearningCourse:HCIA-Routing & Switching Entry Training, HCIA-Routing & Switching Intermediate Training



HCIP-Routing & Switching certification covers advanced knowledge and skills required for enterprise networks. HCIP-Routing &
Switching certified engineers are capable of building complete small- and medium-sized enterprise networks that fully integrate
the voice, wireless, cloud, security, and storage applications required by enterprises, meeting the networking requirements of
various applications, and ensuring high security, availability, and reliability.



HCIP-Routing & Switching is intended for the development of networking professionals who possess advanced knowledge and
skills in enterprise networks. The certification focuses on technologies involved in small- and medium-sized enterprise networks.

and the ability to design small- and medium-sized enterprise networks and implement the design using Huawei network
equipment.



HCIP-Routing & Switching certified network engineers are able to construct and manage small- and medium-sized
enterprise networks, and design solutions to ensure high security, availability, and reliability for applications on the
enterprise networks.

• Network engineers with HCIP-Routing & Switching certifications are of special importance to the business development of
enterprises.

The HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS exam covers OSPF, ISIS and BGP routing protocols, Route Control, IP Multicast
protocols, and Eth-trunk, Advanced Features Switches, RSTP,MSTP and other two layer network technologies.

• The HCIP-Routing & Switching-IENP exam covers MPLS, MPLS VPN, DHCP, VRRP, BFD, Mirroring technologies and Agile
Controller, eSight Product Features, IP QoS, Huawei Firewall Technology Basis and SDN, VXLAN, NFV new technologies.

• The HCIP-Routing & Switching-IEEP exam covers PDIOI(Network Planning, Network Design, Network Implementation,
Network Maintenance, Network Troubleshooting, Network Optimization) and Network Migration.



ExamOutline: HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS/ IENP/ IEEP exam Outline

• Training Material: HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS Implementing Enterprise Routing and Switching Network Training, HCIPRouting
& Switching-IENP Improving Enterprise Network Performance Training, HCIP-Routing & Switching IEEP
Implementing Enterprise Network Engineering Project Training

• Mock Exam:HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS/ IENP/ IEEP Examination

• e-Learning Course: HCIP-Routing & Switching-IERS Training, HCIP-Routing & Switching-IENP Training, HCIP-Routing &
Switching-IEEP Training


HCNP-R&S-IESN (Implementing Enterprise Routing & Switching)
Huawei HCNP-R&S-IESN health

Other Huawei exams

H12-721 HCNP-Security-CISN (Huawei Certified Network Professional - Constructing Infrastructure of Security Network)
H12-221 Huawei Certified Network Professional-Implementing Enterprise Routing Network
H13-622 HCNP-Storage-HCNP-CBDS (Huawei Certified Network Professional- Constructing Big Data Solution
H12-211 Huawei Network Technology and Device (HCNA-HNTD)
H12-261 HCIE-R&S (Written) (Expert -Routing & Switching) 2023
H12-222 HCNP-R&S-IESN (Implementing Enterprise Routing & Switching)
H12-223 HCNP-R&S-IENP(Improving Enterprise Network Performance)
H12-311 HCIA-WLAN (Huawei Certified ICT Associate-WLAN)
H12-711 HCNA-Security-CBSN(Constructing Basic Security Network)
H13-511 HCNA-Cloud-BCCP (Building Cloud Computing Platform)
H13-611 HCNA-Storage-BSSN(Building the Structure of Storage Network)
H13-612 HCNA - Storage (HCNA-Storage-BSSN) V3.0
H13-629 HCIE-Storage (Written) (Internetwork Expert-Storage)
H31-211 Huawei Certified Network Associate - HCDA (Carrier IP)
H31-523 HCIE-Cloud Data Center Operations (Written)
H13-523 HCNP-Cloud-FCDS
H11-861-ENU HCNP-VC(Huawei Certified Network Professional Video Conference)
H12-111_V2.5-ENU HCIA-IoT V2.5
H12-311-ENU Huawei Certified Network Professional Wireless Local Area
H12-322_V1.0-ENU HCIP-WLAN-POEW V1.0

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Huawei
H12-222
HCNP-R&S-IESN(Implementing Enterprise Switching Network)
https://killexams.com/pass4sure/exam-detail/H12-222
Question: 276
Which of the following statements regarding the DiffServ service model is false?
A. You can set QoS parameters in the IP packet header to notify a network node of QoS
requirements.
B. Each device along the transmission path obtains the service requirements type of
packets by analyzing the IP packet header.
C. During DiffServ implementation, the downstream router must classify packets.
D. The DiffServ service model is based on packet flows.
Answer: C
Question: 277
Which of the following statements regarding the DSCP priority is false?
A. The first 6 bits of the ToS field (leftmost 6 bits) mark different types of services,
namely, DSCP priority.
B. The DSCP priority can be used to classify traffic into 32 types.
C. Each DSCP priority corresponds to a Behavior Aggregate (BA), and a PHB can be
specified for each BA.
D. You can use some QoS mechanisms to implement PHB.
Answer: B
Question: 278
What are the common queue scheduling technologies? (Multiple Choice)
A. FIFO
B. LR
C. WRR
D. CIR
E. CQ
F. WFQ
Answer: A, C, E, F
Question: 279
On a carrier's MPLS VPN network, PE1 and PE2 transmit data packets between VPNs.
After PE1 receives VPN route 172.16.1.0/24 from a client, it converts the route into a
VPNv4 route and distributes label 1027 to the packet. After the packet arrives at PE2,
PE2 distributes label 1025 to the packet. When a client on PE2 accesses this route, what
are the outer and inner labels in the packet transmitted over the carrier network?
A. Outer label: 1027; inner label: 1025
B. Outer label: 1025; inner label: 1025
C. Outer label: 1027; inner label: 1027
D. Outer label: 1025; inner label: 1027
Answer: D
Question: 280
In vAR application scenarios, which functions of the AR Router can be virtualized on a
server? (Multiple Choice)
A. Firewall
B. VoIP
C. NAT
D. VPN
Answer: A, B, C, D
Question: 281
A 32-bit MPLS header consists of a 20-bit label used for packet forwarding; A 3-bit
EXP field that identifies the IP packet priority; A 1-bit bottom-of-stack flag that
identifies the last label; And an 8- bitTTL field. Which statement regarding the TTL
field is true?
A. This field is used to prevent packet forwarding loops, similar to the TTL field in an
IP header.
B. This field is used for label management.
C. This field used to control the upstream device in label distribution.
D. This field limitation the LSR.
Answer: A
Question: 282
Which of the following command is used to apply the traffic policy to an interface on an
AR router?
A. traffic-policy pi inbound
B. traffic classifier pi inbound
C. traffic behavior pi inbound
D. services-policy pi inbound
Answer: A
Question: 283
Which of the following are included in the full lifecycle guest management of the Agile
Controller? (Multiple Choice)
A. Account registration
B. Account approval and distribution
C. Account authentication
D. Account audit and deregistration
Answer: A, B, C, D
Question: 284
Which of the following statements regarding the VRRP master is false?
A. The VRRP master periodically sends VRRP packets.
B. The VRRP master uses the virtual MAC address to respond to ARP Request packets
destined for the virtual IP address.
C. The VRRP master forwards IP packets destined for the virtual MAC address.
D. Even if the router becomes the master, the backup router with a higher priority
preempts to be the master.
Answer: D
Question: 285
Which command is used to enable association between BFD and OSPF on all
interfaces?
A. bfd enable
B. bfd all-interface enable
C. all-interface bfd enable
D. undo bfd all-interface disable
Answer: B
Question: 286
On a MPLS network, switches can distribute labels. Which of the following statements
regarding label distribution control mode is true?
A. The downstream LSR determines a label bound to a specific FEC, and then notifies
the upstream LSR.
B. In Downstream on Demand (DoD) mode, an LSR distributes a label to an FEC
without having to receive the label request message from its upstream LSR.
C. In Downstream Unsolicited (DU) mode, an LSR distributes a label to an FEC after
receiving a label request message from its upstream LSR.
D. The upstream LSR and downstream LSR with label advertisement adjacencies may
use different label distribution control modes.
Answer: A
Question: 287
Which of the following statements regarding buffer overflow attacks is false?
A. The buffer overflow attack indicates that an attacker uses defects of memory
operations of the software system and runs attack codes with high operation rights.
B. The buffer overflow attack is irrelevant to the OS vulnerabilities and architecture.
C. The buffer overflow attack is the most common attack of the software system.
D. The buffer overflow attack is an application-layer attack.
Answer: B
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Huawei HCNP-R - BingNews http://www.bing.com:80/news/search?q=Huawei+HCNP-R&cc=us&format=RSS Search results Huawei HCNP-R - BingNews http://www.bing.com:80/news/search?q=Huawei+HCNP-R&cc=us&format=RSS https://killexams.com/exam_list/Huawei Huawei allocates around 25% income to R&D Huawei, which offered more than 100 innovative integrated services built on digital intelligence at GITEX Global 2023 exhibition, held during October 16- 20 in Dubai, allocates around 25% of its income for research and development, a senior official said.
Speaking to reporters on the sidelines of the event, Alaa Elshimy, executive director and first vice president of Huawei Enterprise for the Middle East and Central Asia region, stressed that these services aim to accelerate digital transformation in various government, economic, and industrial sectors.
Huawei's leadership in smart AI-based solutions, cloud solutions, 5G, and 5.5G technologies results from the company's early investment in research and development, with an annual expenditure that amounted to $23bn last year only, which equals 25% of the company's total income.
Elshimy stressed that the primary goal of such investment is to provide future technologies by harnessing the potential of rapidly growing (AI) artificial intelligence, especially when combined with other advanced technologies such as cloud computing and fast wired and wireless communication networks.
This is achieved in collaboration with local and regional partners and developers to build a comprehensive system of solutions for various business scenarios in different sectors and specialised industries, including banking, government services, transportation, energy, healthcare, and others. These smart applications based on artificial intelligence aim to provide a competitive edge in digital transformation.
He said that Huawei has been working with over 9mn developers worldwide and approximately 40,000 partners in the development of smart solutions in various industries.
Elshimy pointed out that Huawei operates with an ambitious sustainability strategy, having already saved 50mn tonnes of CO2 in the past 10 years through green products and solutions designed to reduce traditional energy consumption and replace it with clean energy.
This aligns with the United Nations' sustainable development goals with the ultimate target of achieving zero CO2 energy consumption. He also talked about the opportunities available through Huawei's new business unit, "Huawei Digital Power," which focuses on smart green energy to contribute to achieving carbon neutrality and environment - friendly solutions.
Huawei has maintained partnerships with over 440 universities and colleges across the region. Besides Huawei has given related training to over 120,000 technical talents across the region and certified 37,000 of them in total.
Aloysius Cheang, chief cyber security officer, Huawei Middle East & Central Asia, stressed Huawei's focus on cybersecurity and the protection of the information of the users of its platforms, pouring huge investments in this area to enhance user experience.
"Huawei has developed an end-to-end secure supply chain using its own comprehensive security assurance systems, which cover people, processes, and technology," he added.
Mon, 23 Oct 2023 09:48:00 -0500 en text/html https://www.gulf-times.com/article/670636/qatar/huawei-allocates-around-25-income-to-rd
Huawei and TÜV Rheinland release white paper on optimizer safety

Huawei and TÜV Rheinland have released a white paper on optimizer safety, sharing conclusions from field testing conducted in order to verify the safety features of Huawei’s own optimizer.

The paper details how adopting the new “optimizer + two-stage inverter” architecture delivers additional safety features, such as module-optimization, enabling PV modules to independently generate energy; module-monitoring, enabling real-time intelligent O&M; and module-rapid shutdown, preventing electric shocks.

As optimizers deliver greater and faster ROI compared to traditional PV solutions, those solutions equipped with Module-Level Power Electronics (MLPE) are gaining popularity. In fact, statistics recently released by IHS predict a significant increase in both global shipments (77GW by 2027 vs 8.2GW in 2021) and optimizer market penetration (up to 30% by 2027 compared to 7.47% in 2021).

Along with this market growth comes the necessity to adopt comprehensive measures to reach the highest safety standards to safeguard both individuals and property. Huawei’s innovative architecture helps address these challenges by offering features such as rapid shutdown technology combined with intelligent arc fault detection.

In the case of a fire-related incident in a PV system, the safety features allow firefighters to carry out safe, fast and efficient interventions.

In similar situations, traditional PV systems would only present a perilous environment, preventing any safe intervention, potentially resulting in a prolonged fire that would cause further damage to the site.

Huawei and TÜV Rheinland conducted field tests on optimizers to verify their safety features. The test results show that, when disconnecting the DC and AC switches, the MPPT inverter voltage drops to zero V, Huawei optimizer in 25s (DC) and 11s(AC), which meet the requirements of the NEC 2020 690.12 standard.

Test site: Roof of a shopping mall

Alongside safety features, this innovative architecture offers the ability to maximize the full potential of PV modules, enabling systems to achieve higher installed capacity in challenging situations such as areas with limited space or with temporary shadow.

Huawei and TÜV have conducted a test comparing PV installed energy capacity both with and without optimizers on the roof of a school. The results demonstrate that the installed capacity has increased by 25.9% after optimizers were used.

In addition, verification was performed in the scenario where mismatchwascaused by old modules. The PV energy yield of the household equipped with optimizers was 3.56% and 2.73% higher than that of the other two households without optimizers.

Scenario: shading caused by stairway enclosure, optimizers increasing energy yield by 9.47%.
Scenario: mixed usage of old and new PV modules. optimizers increasing energy yield by 7.26%.
Test site: Roof of A Clothing Factory
Sun, 29 Oct 2023 12:00:00 -0500 en-US text/html https://www.pv-tech.org/industry-updates/huawei-and-tuv-rheinland-release-white-paper-on-optimizer-safety/
HUAWEI Watch GT 4 Review: Further refined and outstanding battery life No result found, try new keyword!Building on the success and beautiful design of the HUAWEI Watch GT 3 Pro, the company unveiled the successor, the HUAWEI Watch GT 4 series. The new smartwatch lineup consist of a smaller 41mm and ... Thu, 28 Sep 2023 04:18:00 -0500 en-us text/html https://www.msn.com/ What to know about rice

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Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the oldest cereal grains in the world. It contains carbohydrates, which provide energy to the body, but can raise blood sugar. People typically categorise rice into two types: white or brown.

People have grown the grain for at least 5,000 years. It is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population, and 90% of the world’s rice comes from Asia.

There are thousands of types of rice, but depending on how producers process them, they fit into two groups: white or brown (whole grain).

White rice is the most common type, though brown rice offers more health benefits. Brown rice comes in a variety of shades, including reddish, purplish, or black. It has more fiber, which helps support gut health and reduce inflammation.

Manufacturers make many products from rice, including rice flour, rice syrup, rice bran oil, and rice milk.

This article looks at the nutrition, health benefits, and risks of white and brown rice.

Both white and brown rice contain mainly carbohydrate and some protein, with virtually no fat or sugar.

Cooked rice contains a lot of water, making up almost 70% of its total weight.

White and brown rice have similar calorie, carbohydrate, protein, and fat content. A 100 gram (g) serving of white, short-grain, cooked rice contains the following nutrients:

Carbohydrate

Rice is primarily composed of carbohydrate, which makes up almost 80% of its total dry weight.

Most of the carbohydrate in rice is starch. Starch is the most common form of carbohydrate in foods.

Starch is made up of long chains of glucose called amylose and amylopectin. Different types of rice have varying amounts of these compounds, which affects the texture of the rice:

  • Basmati rice is rich in amylose, meaning it does not stick together after cooking.
  • Sticky rice, or glutinous rice, is low in amylose and high in amylopectin, making it sticky after cooking. This makes it ideal for risottos, rice pudding, and eating with chopsticks.

These compounds also affect how easily the body can digest the rice.

The body takes longer to digest high-amylose rice because the amylose slows down starch digestion. In contrast, the body digests sticky rice very easily.

While many people find sticky rice more palatable, quick digestion can lead to unhealthful spikes in blood sugar levels, especially in people with diabetes.

Fiber

Brown rice contains a higher amount of dietary fiber than white rice — 1.6 g per 100 g. During the processing of white rice, the grain loses the bran, or seed coat, which contains most of the fiber.

The bran contains mainly insoluble fibers, such as hemicellulose, and virtually no soluble fiber.

White and brown rice contain varying amounts of a soluble fiber called resistant starch.

Resistant starch increases butyrate in the gut. Butyrate boosts gut health by reducing inflammation, improving gut barrier function, and reducing the risk of colon cancer.

Read more about soluble and insoluble fiber here.

White rice is refined, polished, and stripped of its bran and germ. This increases its cooking quality, shelf life, and tastiness, but significantly reduces its nutritional value. That said, manufacturers usually enrich white rice or replace some vitamins after processing.

Brown rice is an intact whole grain, containing both the bran and the germ, which are the most nutritious parts of the grain. They contain fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

For this reason, brown rice may contain more fiber and nutrients than white rice. Be sure to compare labels when shopping.

Brown rice is better for people with diabetes. White rice can raise blood sugar, while brown rice has a lower glycemic index and can help with blood sugar control.

Read more about white vs. brown rice here.

Aside from providing energy and basic nutrients, refined white rice does not offer any health benefits. Enriched white rice does contain added B vitamins that are important for health.

On the other hand, regular consumption of brown, or whole grain, rice can have health benefits. Be sure to compare labels when shopping.

Heart health

Brown rice is a whole grain. Whole grains have a wide range of health benefits.

According to the American Heart Association, whole grains Improve blood cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and obesity.

Brown rice contains several heart healthy components, such as minerals, antioxidants, lignans, and dietary fiber.

Eating high fiber rice as a substitute for white rice may aid weight loss, along with a decrease in cholesterol.

Healthful plant compounds

Brown rice contains several other plant compounds that research has linked with health benefits.

White rice is a poor source of antioxidants and other plant compounds. Pigmented rice, including red-grained varieties such as purple rice, is particularly rich in antioxidants.

The bran of brown rice may be a good source of lignans and ferulic acid:

  • Lignans are antioxidants that research has linked with lower risks of heart disease, menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, and breast cancer.
  • Ferulic acid is a potent antioxidant found in rice bran. Review studies say it has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects and may help prevent cancer and diabetes.

Vitamins and minerals

The nutrient value of rice depends on the variety and cooking method. The bran and germ contain a high concentration of vitamins and minerals. White rice does not contain bran or germ and lacks these essential dietary nutrients.

Enrichment may add back some vitamins to white rice. Be sure to read labels when shopping, as different brands may add different vitamins.

The following table looks at the amounts of different nutrients in 100 g of brown rice, white rice, and enriched white rice for comparison:

  • Manganese: Many foods, especially whole grains, contain this trace mineral. It is essential for metabolism, growth, development, and the body’s antioxidant system.
  • Niacin: Also known as vitamin B-3, niacin in rice is mostly in the form of nicotinic acid. Soaking rice in water before cooking may increase its absorption.
  • Thiamin: Also known as vitamin B-1, thiamin is essential for metabolism and the function of the heart, muscles, and nervous system.
  • Selenium: A mineral with various vital functions for the DNA, oxidative damage, and hormones.
  • Magnesium: This mineral is essential for blood pressure, protein synthesis, energy, and more.

Rice also contains some pantothenic acid, phosphorus, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6, copper, and folate.

Rice is a safe food staple. Regularly eating rice may, however, have risks, especially if it accounts for a large proportion of a person’s daily food intake.

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a common condition characterized by high blood sugar levels.

According to a 2019 review, white rice may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. This is because it has a high glycemic index score, meaning that it can cause large spikes in blood sugar after a meal. Foods with a high glycemic index may increase the risk of diabetes.

That said, the review concludes that the differences between brown and white rice are inconclusive, and further studies in dietary patterns characterized by rice are needed.

On the other hand, brown rice — like other whole grains that contain fiber — may help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.

This difference between white and brown rice may be due to variations in the types and amounts of fibers and their glycemic index scores. It is important to note that consuming too many carbohydrates from any source can raise blood glucose levels, so it is important to control portion size regardless of whether the rice is whole grain or refined.

Eating fiber-rich whole grains instead of refined grains may have significant health benefits, including a reduced risk of diabetes.

Read more about rice and diabetes here.

Heavy metals

Heavy metals can accumulate in the body over time, leading to adverse health effects. These include cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and arsenic.

Many studies have reported excessive amounts of heavy metals in rice from several countries. This a particular concern where rice makes up a significant portion of a person’s diet.

The bran contains a high concentration of heavy metals, which is why brown rice contains more heavy metals than white rice.

Compared to other common food crops grown in polluted areas, rice accumulates higher amounts of mercury and arsenic.

All cereal grains easily take up arsenic, but it seems to collect more in rice compared with wheat and barley.

If possible, people should avoid eating rice grown near heavily polluted industrial or mining areas. This also applies to other food crops, such as vegetables.

Antinutrients

Brown rice also contains an antioxidant called phytic acid, or phytate. This is known as an antinutrient because it prevents the body from absorbing essential minerals, such as iron and zinc.

Producers can reduce phytic acid levels by soaking and sprouting the seeds and fermenting the rice before cooking.

Rice is a staple food across the world. White rice is the most common, but brown rice may have more health benefits.

As a good source of several healthy minerals and antioxidants, brown rice may help prevent heart disease.

On the other hand, white rice — especially sticky rice — provides fewer nutrients and may raise the risk of type 2 diabetes.

Be sure to read the nutrition facts panel and compare the nutrient content and purchase enriched versions of rice when available.

Rice and rice products are available for purchase in grocery stores and online.

Tue, 07 Nov 2023 10:00:00 -0600 en text/html https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318699
Study Abroad Programs

More than 55% of all undergraduates study abroad in their W&M careers. William & Mary is consistently ranked as one of the top public universities for undergraduate study abroad participation. 

At William & Mary, students can participate in a wide range of programs that span the globe, and courses that meet certain requirements can be used to fulfill the COLL 300 requirement while doing so!

You can start your search below. Know when you want to go but not what kind of program? Search by term. Just have a destination in mind and figure you'll find a program that goes there? Search by destination.

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Tue, 14 Nov 2023 22:10:00 -0600 en text/html https://www.wm.edu/offices/revescenter/geo/studyabroad/study-abroad-programs/
What Is Citric Acid, and Is It Bad for You?

Citric acid naturally occurs in citrus fruits. Synthetic versions are produced from a type of mold and are often used as an additive. They can cause adverse reactions in some people.

Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits, especially lemons and limes. It’s what gives them their tart, sour taste.

A manufactured form of citric acid is commonly used as an additive in food, cleaning agents, and nutritional supplements.

However, this manufactured form differs from what’s found naturally in citrus fruits.

For this reason, you may wonder whether it’s good or bad for you.

This article explains the differences between natural and manufactured citric acid, and explores its benefits, uses, and safety.

Citric acid was first derived from lemon juice by a Swedish researcher in 1784 (1).

The odorless and colorless compound was produced from lemon juice until the early 1900s when researchers discovered that it could also be made from the black mold Aspergillus niger, which creates citric acid when it feeds on sugar (1, 2).

Because of its acidic, sour-tasting nature, citric acid is predominantly used as a flavoring and preserving agent, especially in soft drinks and candies.

It’s also used to stabilize or preserve medicines and as a disinfectant.

Summary

Citric acid is a compound originally derived from lemon juice. It’s produced today from a specific type of mold and used in a variety of applications.

Citrus fruits and their juices are the best natural sources of citric acid (3).

In fact, the word citric originates from the Latin word citrus (2).

Examples of citrus fruits include:

  • lemons
  • limes
  • oranges
  • grapefruits
  • tangerines
  • pomelos

Other fruits also contain citric acid but in lesser amounts. These include:

  • pineapple
  • strawberries
  • raspberries
  • cranberries
  • cherries
  • tomatoes

Beverages or food products that contain these fruits — such as ketchup in the case of tomatoes — also contain citric acid.

While not naturally occurring, citric acid is also a byproduct of cheese, wine, and sourdough bread production.

The citric acid listed in the ingredients of foods and supplements is manufactured — not what’s naturally found in citrus fruits (4).

This is because producing this additive from citrus fruits is too expensive, and the demand far exceeds the supply.

Summary

Lemons, limes, and other citrus fruits are the predominant natural sources of citric acid. Other fruits that contain much smaller amounts of it include certain berries, cherries, and tomatoes.

The characteristics of citric acid make it an important additive for a variety of industries.

Food and beverages use an estimated 70% of manufactured citric acid, pharmaceutical and dietary supplements use 20%, and the remaining 10% goes into cleaning agents (4).

Food industry

Manufactured citric acid is one of the most common food additives in the world.

It’s used to boost acidity, enhance flavor, and preserve ingredients (5).

Sodas, juices, powdered beverages, candies, frozen foods, and some dairy products often contain manufactured citric acid.

It’s also sometimes added to canned fruits and vegetables to protect against botulism, a rare but serious illness caused by the toxin-producing Clostridium botulinum bacterium.

Medicines and dietary supplements

Citric acid is an industrial staple in medicines and dietary supplements.

It’s added to medicines to help stabilize and preserve the active ingredients and used to enhance or mask the taste of chewable and syrup-based medications (6).

Mineral supplements, such as magnesium and calcium, may also contain citric acid (in the form of citrate) to enhance absorption.

Disinfecting and cleaning

Citric acid is a useful disinfectant against a variety of bacteria and viruses (7, 8, 9).

A test-tube study showed that it may treat or prevent human norovirus, a leading cause of foodborne illness (10).

Citric acid is commercially sold as a general disinfectant and cleaning agent for removing soap scum, hard water stains, lime, and rust.

It’s viewed as a safer alternative to conventional disinfectant and cleaning products, such as quat and chlorine bleach (1).

Summary

Citric acid is a versatile additive for food, beverages, medicines, and dietary supplements, as well as cleaning and disinfecting products.

Citric acid has many impressive health benefits and functions.

Metabolizes energy

Citrate — a closely related molecule of citric acid — is the first molecule that forms during a process called the citric acid cycle.

Also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) or Krebs cycle, these chemical reactions in your body help transform food into usable energy (11).

Humans and other organisms derive the majority of their energy from this cycle.

Enhances nutrient absorption

Supplemental minerals are available in a variety of forms.

But not all forms are created equal, as your body uses some more effectively.

Citric acid enhances the bioavailability of minerals, allowing your body to better absorb them (12, 13, 14).

For example, calcium citrate doesn’t require stomach acid for absorption. It also has fewer side effects — such as gas, bloating, or constipation — than another form called calcium carbonate (15, 16).

Thus, calcium citrate is a better option for people with less stomach acid, such as older adults.

Similarly, magnesium in the citrate form is absorbed more completely and more bioavailable than magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate (17, 18, 19).

May protect against kidney stones

Citric acid — in the form of potassium citrate — prevents new kidney stone formation and breaks apart those already formed (20, 21, 22).

Kidney stones are solid masses made of crystals that typically originate in your kidneys.

Citric acid protects against kidney stones by making your urine less favorable for the formation of stones (23).

Kidney stones are often treated with citric acid as potassium citrate. However, consuming foods high in this natural acid — like citrus fruits — can offer similar kidney-stone-preventing benefits (3, 24).

Summary

Citric acid helps with energy metabolism, the absorption of minerals, and the prevention or treatment of kidney stones.

Manufactured citric acid is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (5).

No scientific studies exist investigating the safety of manufactured citric acid when consumed in large amounts for long periods.

Still, there have been reports of sickness and allergic reactions to the additive.

One report found joint pain with swelling and stiffness, muscular and stomach pain, as well as shortness of breath in four people after they consumed foods containing manufactured citric acid (4).

These same symptoms were not observed in people consuming natural forms of the acid, such as lemons and limes.

Researchers acknowledged that they couldn’t prove the manufactured citric acid was responsible for those symptoms but recommended that its use in foods and beverages be further studied.

In either case, the scientists suggested that the symptoms were most likely related to the mold used to produce the citric acid rather than the compound itself.

Summary

A small report suggests that the mold residues from manufactured citric acid may lead to allergies and other illnesses, but this has yet to be proven.

Citric acid is naturally found in citrus fruits, but synthetic versions, which are produced from a type of mold, are commonly added to foods, medicines, supplements, and cleaning agents.

While mold residues from the manufacturing process may trigger allergies in rare cases, citric acid is generally deemed safe.

Mon, 06 Nov 2023 10:01:00 -0600 en text/html https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/citric-acid
R. Kelly: The history of his crimes and allegations against him
Image caption,

R Kelly has faced accusations of sexual misconduct since the 1990s

For more than two decades, chart-topping R&B singer R. Kelly had faced allegations of sexual abuse.

The accounts went back to the start of his career in the 1990s, with many centring on the predatory pursuit of teenage girls.

In 2022, he was jailed for 30 years after being found guilty of eight counts of sex trafficking and one of racketeering in a New York court.

Months later, he was convicted of child sexual abuse in a second federal trial in Chicago.

The singer - whose real name is Robert Sylvester Kelly - is also due to face sexual misconduct charges Minnesota.

Kelly was himself the victim of child sex abuse, and detailed in his autobiography how he was raped by a female family member when he was eight years old.

Here is a history of the accusations against him.

1994: Marries Aaliyah

Kelly, then aged 27, wed 15-year-old singer Aaliyah at a secret ceremony in Chicago.

Vibe magazine later discovered Aaliyah had lied about her age on the wedding certificate, listing herself as 18. The marriage was annulled in February 1995.

A former tour manager for Kelly testified at his trial that he bribed a government worker in 1994 to obtain a fake ID for Aaliyah - so the singers could marry.

For the rest of her career, Aaliyah dodged questions about the nature of her relationship. "When people ask me, I tell them, 'Hey, don't believe all that mess,'" she told one interviewer. "We're close and people took it the wrong way."

Image source, Getty Images
Image caption,

Kelly wrote and produced Aaliyah's debut album, calling it Age Ain't Nothing But A Number

Kelly rarely spoke about Aaliyah after she died in a plane crash in 2001. She is not mentioned in his autobiography, where an author's note explains "certain episodes could not be included for complicated reasons".

In a 2016 interview with GQ magazine, he described their relationship as "best, best, best, best friends", but declined to comment on their marriage, saying: "I will never have that conversation with anyone. Out of respect for Aaliyah, and her mother and father who have asked me not to personally."

1996: Sued for emotional distress

Tiffany Hawkins sued R. Kelly for the "personal injuries and emotional distress" she suffered during a three-year relationship with the star.

In court documents, she said she began having sex with Kelly in 1991, when she was 15 and he was 24, and the relationship ended when she turned 18. According to the Chicago Sun Times, Ms Hawkins sought $10m in damages but accepted a fraction of that amount ($250,000) when the case was settled in 1998.

Kelly's spokeswoman said she had "no knowledge" of the accusations.

Image source, Getty Images
Image caption,

Kelly continued to release successful songs, and win major awards, as accusations accumulated around him

2001: Sued by intern

Tracy Sampson sued R. Kelly, accusing him of inducing her "into an indecent sexual relationship" when she was 17.

The woman, a former intern at Epic Records, said she was "treated as his personal sex object and cast aside".

"He often tried to control every aspect of my life including who I would see and where I would go," she said. The case was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, according to the New York Post.

April/May 2002: Two more court cases

Kelly is sued by Patrice Jones, a Chicago woman who claimed he impregnated her when she was under age, and that she was forced to have an abortion.

Montina Woods also sued Kelly, alleging that he videotaped them having sex without her knowledge. The recording was allegedly circulated on a "sex tape" sold by bootleggers under the title R. Kelly Triple-X.

The singer settled both cases out of court, paying undisclosed sums in return for non-disclosure agreements.

June 2002: Charged over child abuse videos

He is charged with 21 counts of making child sexual abuse videos involving various sexual acts.

Chicago police accused him of taping the acts and enticing a minor to participate in them. All the charges related to one girl, born in September 1984.

His arrest stemmed from a video that was sent anonymously to the Chicago Sun Times earlier in the year. They passed it on to police, who Checked its authenticity with help from FBI forensic experts.

Kelly, who posted $750,000 bail, immediately denied the charges in an interview with MTV and later pleaded not guilty in court.

It took six years for the case to come to trial, during which time Kelly released his wildly successful Trapped In The Closet album and was nominated for an Image Award by the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), prompting widespread criticism.

The jury eventually concluded they could not prove that the girl on the tape was a minor, and Kelly was found not guilty on all counts.

2002-2004: Arrest prompts further charges

Kelly was charged with a further 12 counts of producing child sexual abuse images in Florida, where he was arrested at his holiday home.

These charges came after police seized a camera during the arrest, which allegedly contained images of him having sex with an underage girl.

The charges were dropped when a judge agreed with Kelly's defence team that police lacked sufficient evidence to justify a search.

2017: Allegations of a 'cult'

A long and detailed Buzzfeed report accused R. Kelly of trapping six women in a sex "cult".

The article alleged that Kelly seduced young women when they approached him for help with their music careers, before taking control of their lives - dictating "what they eat, how they dress, when they bathe, when they sleep, and how they engage in sexual encounters that he records".

Kelly also confiscated the women's mobile phones, the report said, barring contact with friends and family.

The allegations came from three former employees and the parents of several women, who said their daughters had all but vanished.

2017-2018: Victims approach the press

Buzzfeed's report prompted further allegations.

Jerhonda Pace broke a non-disclosure agreement to speak about having sex with Kelly while she was underage. Another woman, Kitti Jones, claimed the star starved her, coerced her into sexual encounters with other women and physically abused her. Ms Pace would go on to testify against Kelly in the 2021 trial.

Ms Kitti, along with other members of R. Kelly's inner circle, also spoke to a BBC Three documentary in March 2018. One former friend and collaborator, Lovell Jones, said Kelly asked him to scout out women "that looked young" at parties, and claimed that it was "common knowledge" that the singer preferred young girls.

2018: #MuteRKelly, staff departures and new court case

The #MuteRKelly campaign lobbied record label RCA to sever ties with the singer. They also targeted concert promoters, ticket sellers and streaming services - with Spotify, Apple Music and Pandora all agreeing to demote Kelly's songs from their playlists (a decision that was later reversed).

Around the same time, the star's lawyer, publicist and personal assistant all quit - although attorney Linda Mensch said her departure was "unrelated to any allegations related to Mr Kelly's social life".

Kelly continued to perform live despite protests outside his shows, and was filmed saying the campaign against him was "too late".

"Only God can mute me," he sang defiantly on a song called I Admit. "Am I supposed to go to jail or lose my career because of your opinion?"

Meanwhile, the star was sued by a former partner who said he "intentionally" infected her with a sexually transmitted disease.

2019: New documentary leads to charges

Over the course of six hour-long episodes, Lifetime documentary Surviving R. Kelly presented the most comprehensive look yet at the allegations against the musician.

Two weeks after the programme was broadcast, Kelly was dropped by his record company. Planned concerts in the US and New Zealand were cancelled.

In February, celebrity lawyer Michael Avenatti said he had obtained a video showing Kelly having sex with a 14-year-old girl. Weeks later, Kelly was charged in Chicago with 10 counts of aggravated criminal sexual abuse. He pleaded not guilty and gave a histrionic TV interview.

Media caption,

R. Kelly in tearful sex abuse charges interview

Prosecutors later filed an additional 11 charges of sexual assault and abuse against a minor aged between 13 and 16.

The charging documents described sex and oral sex with a minor "by the use of force or threat of force". The accuser was thought to be one of the women featured in Surviving R. Kelly, who said she met the singer during a previous trial.

July 2019: Sex Trafficking charges

Image source, Reuters
Image caption,

R. Kelly appears for a hearing at Leighton Criminal Court Building in Chicago, Illinois

Kelly was hit with two separate federal indictments in Illinois and Brooklyn.

Combined, the allegations depicted an organised effort from the singer and his associates to recruit and transport underage girls over state lines for illegal sexual purposes, including the production of child sex abuse images, as well as conspiracy to obstruct justice by destroying evidence and bribing or threatening witnesses.

August 2019: Prostitution charges

Prosecutors in Minnesota filed prostitution charges against R. Kelly, meaning he faced criminal cases in three US states.

He was accused of soliciting a teenager who asked him for an autograph in 2001. Kelly allegedly invited the 17-year-old to his hotel room and offered her $200 (£164) to undress and dance with him.

Kelly's lawyer said the charges were "beyond absurd".

Image source, Getty Images
Image caption,

R. Kelly in court in September 2019

August-September 2020: Prison assault

Towards the end of August, Kelly was attacked in his sleep by a fellow inmate in Chicago's Metropolitan Correctional Centre.

His lawyer called for his immediate release, saying "the government cannot ensure his safety". However, the request - along with numerous other attempts to get Kelly released on bail - was denied.

August 2021: Aaliyah relationship confirmed

In the last pre-trial hearing before Kelly's trial, US District Judge Ann M Donnelly made a series of rulings to narrow down what evidence could be shown to jurors.

During the hearing, she asked one of the singer's lawyers whether they denied the star had sexual relations with Aaliyah while she was underage.

According to the Associated Press, Thomas A Farinella "let out a deep sigh and responded, 'No.'"

August-September 2021: Trial and guilty verdict

The trial began on 18 August in New York.

Read more about the trial:

On 27 September, following two days of deliberation, the jury found R. Kelly guilty on all nine counts.

Gloria Allred, a lawyer who represented several victims, told reporters: "I've been practising law for 47 years. During this time, I've pursued many sexual predators who have committed crimes against women and children.

"Of all the predators that I have pursued, Mr Kelly is the worst."

November 2021: Witness intimidation

A man was sentenced to eight years in prison after intimidating a witness before Kelly's New York trial.

In June 2020, Michael Williams set fire to a car belonging to the father of a witness who was due to testify in order to "prevent the victim-witness from continuing to co-operate", according a statement from the attorney's office in New York.

"Williams attempted to use violence and intimidation to divert the course of justice and prevent a victim's voice from being heard," they said.

June 2022: New York sentencing

Kelly was sentenced to 30 years in prison for using his celebrity status to sexually abuse children and women.

US District Judge Ann Donnelly said the singer had an "indifference to human suffering" and had used sex as a weapon, forcing his victims to do unspeakable things while saddling some with sexually transmitted diseases. "You taught them that love is enslavement and violence," she said.

Some of the women who were abused by the singer described how he had "destroyed so many people's lives" as they addressed him in court before he was sentenced.

Lawyers for Kelly said he would appeal.

August 2022: New federal trial in Chicago

Kelly had a "dark" and "hidden" side that the public rarely saw during his career, prosecutors said at the opening of his second federal trial.

The singer was on trial in his home town, Chicago, for child pornography, obstruction of justice and other charges.

A woman at the heart of the trial testified that the R&B singer had sex with her "hundreds" of times before she turned 18.

Image source, Reuters

The 37-year-old woman, known as Jane, said improper contact with Kelly began when she was just 13.

His lawyers insisted he was not "a monster" and deserves a fair trial.

September 2022: Another guilty verdict

The disgraced star was found guilty of child sexual abuse in his second federal trial.

The jury convicted him on six out of 13 counts, including three of child pornography, after the four-week Chicago case.

He was acquitted of a charge of conspiring to obstruct justice, related to his 2008 child pornography trial.

November 2022: Manager pleads guilty to threatening victim

R. Kelly's former manager was sentenced to 20 months in prison for stalking and harassing one of the singer's victims.

Donnell Russell pleaded guilty in July to using threats and intimidation to silence one of the women Kelly abused.

Using an alias, he published explicit photos of her online in an attempt to stop her testifying against his client.

January 2023: Some charges dropped as 'justice is served'

A Chicago prosecutor said she was dropping sexual abuse and assault charges dating back as far as 1998 against Kelly, who was already facing decades in prison.

Cook County State's Attorney Kim Foxx said her office "will no longer be pursuing these indictments", adding: "Sometimes justice is served even when there is no conviction."

February 2023: 20-year sentence for child sex crimes

A Chicago judge sentences Kelly to 20 years in prison, following the 2022 trial in which a jury found he had enticed minors for sex and produced child sexual imagery.

However, in a victory for the singer's lawyers, the judge said that all but one of those years would be served at the same time as his previous 30-year prison sentence.

The judge said he would have dealt a heftier sentence if the Chicago trial had come first.





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