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A30-327 AccessData Certified Examiner practice test | http://babelouedstory.com/
A30-327 practice test - AccessData Certified Examiner Updated: 2023
Precisely same A30-327 questions as in real test, WTF!
AccessData offers flexible training options to help you get the most out of your tools and your teams. From individual courses and annual training passes to on-demand video options or custom training built around your needs, AccessData Training experts are ready to work with you to build a program that fits your goals and workflows. Our training spans Digital Investigation Training and Legal Solutions Training.
Digital Investigation
AccessData Digital Investigations Training is designed to educate forensic professionals and incident responders in the latest technology and prepare them with innovative ideas and workflows to Excellerate and strengthen their skills in identifying, responding, investigating, prosecuting and adjudicating cases. The Digital Investigations Training program consists of Live In-Person and Live On-Line technology training courses that will Excellerate how professionals use AccessDatas Forensic Toolkit®, AD Enterprise and AD Lab collaborative technologies.
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C. The hash value of the remaining encrypted file did not match.
D. The remaining encrypted file had previously been bookmarked.
E. An incorrect CRC value for the $EFS certificate was applied by the user. Answer: B Question: 55
Which two Registry Viewer operations can be conducted from FTK? (Choose two.)
A. list SAM file account names in FTK
B. view all registry files from within FTK
C. createsubitems of individual keys for FTK
D. export a registry report to the FTK case report Answer: B, D Question: 56
FTK Imager can be invoked from within which program?
A. FTK
B. DNA
C. PRTK
D. Registry Viewer Answer: A Question: 57
Into which two categories can an imported hash set be assigned? (Choose two.)
A. alert
B. ignore
C. contraband
D. system files Answer: A, B
19 Question: 58
What happens when a duplicate hash value is imported into a KFF database?
A. It will not be accepted.
B. It will be marked as a duplicate.
C. The database will be corrupted.
D. The database will hide the duplicate. Answer: A Question: 59
You currently store alternate hash libraries on a remote server. Where do you configure
FTK to access these files rather than the default library, ADKFFLibrary.hdb?
A. Preferences
B. User Options
C. Analysis Tools
D. Import KFF Hashes Answer: A Question: 60
Which file should be selected to open an existing case in FTK?
A. ftk.exe
B. case.ini
C. case.dat
D. isobuster.dll Answer: C
20
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https://killexams.com/exam_list/AccessDataPractice Test: Synonyms and Antonyms
Tackle these vocabulary basics in a short practice test: synonyms and antonyms. Synonyms are words that have a similar meaning, and antonyms are words with opposite meanings. Students in first and second grade will think deeply about word meaning as they search for the matching synonym or antonym in each row of this practicing and writing worksheet.
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Sun, 27 Aug 2023 07:06:00 -0500entext/htmlhttps://www.education.com/worksheet/article/practice-test-synonyms-antonyms/Best Digital Forensics Certifications
There is an appreciable number of available, high-quality certification programs that focus on digital investigations and forensics. However, there are also many certifications and programs in this area that are far less transparent and widely known.
There’s been a steady demand for digital forensics certifications for the past several years, mainly owing to the following:
Computer crime continues to escalate. As more cybercrimes are reported, more investigations and qualified investigators are needed. This is good news for law enforcement and private investigators who specialize in digital forensics.
There’s high demand for qualified digital forensics professionals because nearly every police department needs trained candidates with suitable credentials.
IT professionals interested in working for the federal government (either as full-time employees or private contractors) must meet certain minimum training standards in information security. Digital forensics qualifies as part of the mix needed to meet them, which further adds to the demand for certified digital forensics professionals.
As a result, there is a continuing rise of companies that offer digital forensics training and certifications. Alas, many of these are “private label” credentials that are not well recognized. Making sense of all options and finding the right certification for you may be trickier than it seems.
To help choose our top five certifications for 2019, we looked at several popular online job boards to determine the number of advertised positions that require these certifications. While the real results vary from day to day and by job board, this should deliver you an idea of the number of digital forensic jobs with specific certification requirements.
Job board search results (in alphabetical order, by certification)*
*We covered two GIAC credentials, presented together in a single GIAC section below.
Digital forensics is a relatively lucrative space for practitioners. The average salary for intermediate digital forensic jobs in the U.S. – $63,959, according to SimpyHired – trails that of network engineers, system administrators and project managers. However, a senior specialist or forensic analyst, whether working in the private industry or government channels, will often earn six figures in major metro areas. We found salaries on the high end running almost $107,000 for forensic analysts and more than $127,000 for digital forensic roles.
ACE: AccessData Certified Examiner
AccessData is the maker of the popular Forensic Toolkit (FTK) solution for digital investigations. The company also offers a variety of related products and services, such as AD Lab, AD eDiscovery, AD Enterprise and AD Triage.
The AccessData Certified Examiner (ACE) is worth pursuing for those who already use or plan to use FTK, which enjoys widespread use in law enforcement and private research and consulting firms. The certification requires one exam, which covers the FTK Imager, Registry Viewer, PRTK (Password Recovery Toolkit) and FTK Examiner Application/Case Management Window tools in detail. AccessData recommends basic to moderate forensic knowledge before attempting the exam. This includes an understanding of digital artifacts, Registry files, encrypting and decrypting files, hashing, attack types, using live and index searching, and other topics.
Recertification is required every two years. Credential holders must pass the current ACE exam, which focuses on the most current versions of FTK and other tools, to maintain their credentials.
ACE facts and figures
Certification name
AccessData Certified Examiner (ACE)
Prerequisites and required courses
None; training recommended:AccessData FTK BootCamp (three-day classroom or live online)
FTK Intermediate courses
Number of exams
One test (ACE 6); includes knowledge-based and practical portionsRegistration required to receive a join code to access the testing portal
Cost per exam
$100 (exam fee includes retakes and recertification exams)
There is a link to the free ACE Study Guide is on the certification webpage. The testing portal includes study videos, lessons in PDF and a practice test (with an image file).
CFCE: Certified Forensic Computer Examiner
The International Association of Computer Investigative certified (IACIS) is the organization behind the Certified Forensic Computer Examiner (CFCE) credential. This organization caters primarily to law enforcement personnel, and you must be employed in law enforcement to qualify for regular IACIS membership.
A formal application form, along with an application fee, is necessary to join IACIS. Regular membership includes current computer/digital forensic practitioners who are current or former government or law enforcement employees or forensic contractors to a government agency. All other practitioners can apply for Associate membership to IACIS, provided they can pass a background check. Membership fees and annual renewal fees are required. IACIS membership is not required to obtain the CFCE credential.
To obtain the CFCE credential, candidates must demonstrate proficiency with CFCE core competencies. One option is IACIS’ Basic Computer Forensic Examiner (BCFE) two-week training course; it meets the 72-hour training requirement, costs $2,995, includes a free laptop and waives the IACIS membership fee for nonmembers. IACIS membership is required to attend the course. Candidates completing the training course can enroll directly in the CFCE program upon completion of the course. Those not attending the BCFE course may meet the 72-hour training requirement with a comparable course (subject to IACIS approval), pay a $750 registration fee, and successfully pass a background check to enroll in the CFCE program and sit for the exam.
The CFCE test is a two-step testing process that includes a peer review and CFCE certification testing:
The peer review consists of accepting and completing four assigned practical problems based on core knowledge and skills areas for the credential. These must be solved and then presented to a mentor for initial evaluation (and assistance, where needed) before being presented for peer review. Candidates have 30 days to complete each of the practical problems.
Upon successful conclusion of the peer review, candidates automatically progress to the certification phase.
Candidates must begin work on a hard-drive practical problem within seven days of the completion of the peer review phase. Forty days are allotted to candidates to independently analyze and report upon a forensic image of a hard drive provided to them. Following specific instructions, a written report is prepared to document the candidate’s activities and findings.
Once that report is accepted and passed, the process concludes with a 100-question written test (which includes true/false, multiple-choice, matching and short-answer questions). Candidates have 14 days to complete the written examination. A passing score of 80 percent or better is required for both the forensic report and the written test to earn the CFCE.
Upon completion of both the peer review and the certification phase, candidates must submit a notarized form certifying that the practical and written exams were completed independently without assistance from anyone else.
Certificants must recertify every three years to maintain the CFCE credential. Recertification requires proof of at least 40 hours of professional education, a passing score on a proficiency test in the third year, proof of computer/digital forensics work experience, or passing scores on three proficiency tests within three years, and either three years of IACIS membership or payment of a $150 recertification fee.
Despite the time and expense involved in earning a CFCE, this credential has high value and excellent name recognition in the computer forensics field. Many forensics professionals consider the CFCE a necessary merit badge to earn, especially for those who work in or for law enforcement.
CFCE facts and figures
Certification name
Certified Forensic Computer Examiner (CFCE)
Prerequisites and required courses
Basic Computer Forensics Examiner (BCFE) training course recommended ($2,995)72 hours of training in computer/digital forensics comparable to CFCE core competencies; BCFE training course meets training requirement
Without BCFE training: take a comparable course, pay $750 registration fee and pass a background check
Number of exams
Two-part process: Peer review (must pass to proceed to subsequent phase) and certification phase (includes hard-drive practical and written examination)
Cost per exam
Included in BCFE training; $750 for the entire testing process for those not attending BCFE training
URL
https://www.iacis.com/certification-2/cfce/
Self-study materials
IACIS is the primary conduit for training and study materials for this certification.
CHFI: Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator
The EC-Council is a well-known training and certification organization that specializes in the areas of anti-hacking, digital forensics and penetration testing. The organization’s Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator (CHFI) certification emphasizes forensics tools, analytical techniques, and procedures involved in obtaining, maintaining, and presenting digital forensic evidence and data in a court of law.
The EC-Council offers training for this credential but permits candidates to challenge the test without taking the course, provided they have a minimum of two years of information security experience and pay a non-refundable $100 eligibility application fee.
The CHFI course covers a wide range of subjects and tools (click the test Blueprint button on the certification webpage). subjects include an overview of digital forensics, in-depth coverage of the computer forensics investigation process, working with digital evidence, anti-forensics, database and cloud forensics, investigating network traffic, mobile and email forensics, and ethics, policies and regulations. Courseware is available, as well as instructor-led classroom training.
The EC-Council offers numerous other certifications of potential value to readers interested in the CHFI. These include the Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), CEH (Practical), EC-Council Certified Security Analyst (ECSA), ECSA Practical, Certified Network Defender (CND) and Licensed Penetration Tester (LPT), Certified Application Security Engineer (CASE), and Certified Chief Information Security Officer (CCISO). It also offers credentials in related areas such as disaster recovery, encryption and security analysis. Visit the EC-Council site for more info on its popular and respected credentials.
CHFI facts and figures
Certification name
Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator (CHFI) v9
Prerequisites and required courses
Application with resume and current or previous employer info required.Candidates must agree to the EC-Council Non-Disclosure, Candidate Application and Candidate Certification agreement terms.
Live, online instructor-led training (includes courseware, six months of iLabs access, test voucher and test prep program; contact EC-Council directly for pricing)
iLearn self-paced class (includes one year of access to instructor-led training videos, courseware, six months of lab access and test voucher; $1,899)
Self-study courseware ($677)
Mobile training (contact EC-Council for pricing information)
To challenge the test without training, you must have two years of information security work experience and/or education to reflect specialization, pay a non-refundable application fee of $100, and complete the Exam Eligibility Application Form.
Visit the EC-Council Store and search for “CHFI” for preparation materials, including labs. Study guide and test guides are available on Amazon, as well as some practice exams.
EnCe: EnCase Certified Examiner
Guidance Software, acquired by OpenText in 2017, is a leader in the forensics tools and services arena. Its well-known and widely used EnCase Forensic software helps professionals acquire data from many different types of devices, complete disk-level examinations and produce reports of their findings. The company also sells software for remote investigations (EnCase Endpoint Investigator), eDiscovery, risk management, mobile investigations and endpoint security.
The company’s certification program includes the Certified Forensic Security Responder (CFSR), EnCase Certified eDiscovery Practitioner (EnCEP) and EnCase Certified Examiner (EnCe). Available to professionals in the public and private sector, the EnCE recognizes an individual’s proficiency using EnCase Forensic software and mastery of computer investigation methodology, including evidence collection, preservation, file verification, file signatures and hashing, first responder activities, and much more.
To achieve EnCe certification, candidates must show proof of a minimum of 64 hours of authorized computer forensic training or 12 months of qualified work experience, complete an application, and then successfully complete a two-phase test that includes a written and practical portion.
EnCE certifications are valid for three years from the date obtained. Recertification requires one of the following:
32 credit hours of continuing education in computer forensics or incident response
A computer forensics or incident response-related certification
Attendance at an Enfuse conference (at least 10 sessions)
EnCE facts and figures
Certification name
EnCase Certified Examiner (EnCe)
Prerequisites and required courses
Required: 64 hours of authorized computer forensic training or 12 months of work experience in computer forensicsTraining options through Guidance Software:
EnCE Prep Course (DF310), classroom, virtual classroom or on demand ($2,195)
EnCE Certification Bootcamp (aimed at new digital investigators) – includes DF120 (Foundations in Digital Forensics), DF210 (Building an Investigation) and DF310 ($5,085 for the bundle)
Completion of the EnCE application
Number of exams
One two-phase exam:
Phase I written test (180 questions, two hours, minimum passing score 80 percent), delivered via ExamBuilder
Phase II practical test (18 questions, 60 days, minimum passing score 85 percent)
Passing the Phase I test earns an electronic license to complete the Phase II exam.
Study materials provided in Guidance Software courses. Check Amazon for availability of current and practice exams.Learning On Demand subscription provides access to 400 courses across the OpenText Learning Services platform.
GCFA And GCFE Certifications
SANS is the organization behind the Global Information Assurance Certification (GIAC) program. It is a well-respected and highly regarded player in the information security field in general. SANS not only teaches and researches in this area, it also provides breaking news, operates a security alert service, and serves on all kinds of government, research and academic information security task forces, working groups, and industry organizations.
The organization’s incident response and forensics credentials include the following:
GIAC Certified Forensic Examiner (GCFE)
GIAC Certified Forensic Analyst (GCFA)
GIAC Reverse Engineering Malware (GREM)
GIAC Network Forensic Analyst (GNFA)
GIAC Advanced Smartphone Forensics (GASF)
GIAC Cyber Threat Intelligence (GCTI)
The intermediate GCFE and the more senior GCFA are the focus of this section. Neither credential requires taking SANS courses (which have a strong reputation for being among the best in the cybersecurity community, with high-powered instructors to match), but they are recommended to candidates and often offered before, during or after SANS conferences held around the U.S. at regular intervals.
Both the GCFE and GCFA focus on computer forensics in the context of investigation and incident response, and thus also focus on the skills and knowledge needed to collect and analyze data from Windows and/or Linux computer systems during such activities. Candidates must possess the necessary skills, knowledge, and ability to conduct formal incident investigations and advanced incident handling, including dealing with internal and external data breaches, intrusions, and cyberthreats; collecting and preserving evidence; understanding anti-forensic techniques; and building and documenting advanced digital forensic cases.
Most SANS GIAC credentials are valid for four years. Candidates may recertify for the GCFE and GCFA by earning 36 continuing professional experience (CPE) credits. In addition, credential holders must pay a certification maintenance fee of $429 every four years.
The SANS GIAC program encompasses more than 36 information security certifications across a broad range of subjects and disciplines. IT professionals interested in information security in general, as well as digital forensics, would be well advised to investigate further on the GIAC homepage.
NoneGCFE recommended course: FOR500: Windows Forensic Analysis ($6,210)
GCFA recommended course: FOR508: Advanced Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Threat Hunting ($6,210)
Number of exams
One test for each credential (115 questions, three hours, passing score of 71 percent)Exams proctored by Pearson VUE. Registration with GIAC required to schedule an exam.
Cost per exam
$769 if part of training/bootcamp$1,899 (no training – referred to as a certification challenge)
Practice tests available on the GIAC test preparation page (two tests included in test fee; additional practice questions are $159 each). Study guides and practice exams can be found on Amazon and other typical channels.
Beyond the top 5: More digital forensics certifications
There are lots of other certification programs that can help to further the careers of IT professionals who work in digital forensics.
One certification we’ve featured in the past is the CyberSecurity Institute’s CyberSecurity Forensic Analyst (CSFA). The CyberSecurity Institute provides digital forensic services aimed at law firms, businesses and individuals, and administers a small but well-respected certification program. The CSFA is designed for security professionals with at least two years of experience performing digital forensic analysis on computers and devices running the Windows operating system and creating investigative reports. Although the certification didn’t generate as many job board hits as our other featured certifications, the CSFA is still worth your attention.
The same goes for the Certified Computer Examiner (CCE) from the International Society of Forensic Computer Examiners, also known as ISFCE. The CCE is well recognized in the industry and in the law enforcement community as a leading credential for digital forensics professionals, but it fell a little short on job board hits during our review this year.
Other good certifications include the Professional Certified Investigator (PCI), a senior-level, vendor-neutral computer investigations and forensics credential available through ASIS International. The organization also offers the Certified Protection Professional (CPP), which includes an investigation component, and the Physical Security Professional (PSP) in its certification program. Forensics candidates can also pursue one of the High Tech Crime Network vendor-neutral certifications – the Certified Computer Crime Investigator or Certified Computer Forensic Technician, both of which have a Basic and an Advanced credential.
If you look around online, you’ll find numerous other forensics hardware and software vendors that offer certifications and plenty of other organizations that didn’t make the cut for the 2019 list of the best digital forensics certifications. But before you wander outside the items mentioned in this article, you might want to research the sponsoring organization’s history and the number of people who’ve earned its credentials, and then determine whether the sponsor not only requires training but stands to profit from its purchase.
You might also want to ask a practicing digital forensics professional if they’ve heard of the certifications you found on your own and, if so, what that professional thinks of those offerings.
Thu, 09 Nov 2023 10:01:00 -0600entext/htmlhttps://www.businessnewsdaily.com/10755-best-digital-forensics-certifications.htmlMeasurement: Practice Test
What does a scale measure? What are the different units of measurement? Which animal weighs less than a pound? Use this review worksheet to get your second graders thinking about length, weight, and volume. This worksheet may look like a measurement practice test, but it’s also a great way to start a conversation about important math concepts.
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Sun, 27 Aug 2023 07:20:00 -0500entext/htmlhttps://www.education.com/worksheet/article/practice-test-measurement/What Is a Blood Urea Nitrogen Test?
Doctors order a blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test to measure the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood. It helps them see how well your kidneys are working.
Urea nitrogen is a normal waste product created in your liver as it breaks down certain proteins found in your food. Urea nitrogen travels through the blood to your kidneys, which filter out all but a small amount. Urea nitrogen exits from your body when you pee.
When your kidneys are healthy, they remove BUN, usually leaving only a small amount in your blood. When your kidneys are not healthy, they leave more BUN behind. The BUN blood test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood. If your levels are outside the normal range, this might mean either your liver or kidneys are not working well.
Your doctor may order a BUN test as part of a routine checkup when a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) or basic metabolic panel (BMP) blood test is taken.
If you have a kidney condition, the test is a way to check what your BUN levels are before you start a medication or treatment. It’s also standard to perform a BUN test when you’re in the hospital for certain conditions.
If you're at higher risk for kidney disease because you have a family history of it, your doctor might order a BUN test for you.
The following conditions may also put you at risk:
High blood pressure
Heart disease
Diabetes
Tell your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms, which can indicate that something is wrong with your kidneys:
Before the blood test, tell your doctor what medications you’re taking. If any of them might affect the test result, your doctor may ask you to stop taking them for a period of time.
If you’re only getting a BUN test, you can eat and drink. But if you’re getting other blood tests, your doctor may deliver you directions that include fasting before the test.
What happens during a BUN test?
A lab tech will take a sample of your blood from a vein in your arm or the back of your hand. You may feel a slight sting when the needle pricks your skin.
It may feel a little sore afterward, but you can go straight back to your regular activities.
Your doctor’s office will send the blood sample to a lab to be analyzed. You should get the results in a few days, depending on how fast the lab and your doctor’s office can work.
Risks of a blood urea nitrogen test
Blood tests draw a small amount of blood, and there are usually few or mild side effects. You may have pain, bruising, or slight bleeding at the site where the blood is drawn. Some people may even feel lightheaded or faint. It doesn't happen often, but the site could get infected.
The normal range for a BUN test depends on your age and sex, or the one you were assigned at birth.
Normal BUN levels
Your result will be a number that measures how much BUN is in your blood. The range considered normal is 7-20 milligrams per deciliter. (A milligram is a very tiny amount—with over 28,000 milligrams in an ounce, and a deciliter is equal to about 3.4 ounces).
If your test results are not in that range, talk to your doctor.
Several things can affect your BUN test results, so having an abnormal BUN level doesn’t always mean there's a problem.
BUN normal values by age and sex
Male or Assigned Male at Birth
Female or Assigned Female at Birth
Ages 1 to 17
7 to 20 mg/dL
7 to 20 mg/dL
Ages 18 and older
8 to 24 mg/dL
6 to 21 mg/dL
High BUN
A high BUN test result may mean your kidneys aren't working well. Discuss with your doctor what could be causing the problem and plan your next steps.
Other conditions that may affect your BUN level might include:
Low BUN
Low BUN levels are rare. It's more likely if you have a small body. It could also point to:
A BUN test by itself can't diagnose these issues, so more tests may be needed.
If your BUN levels are high, your doctor may order more tests to measure your kidney function.
Creatinine test
A creatinine test is another blood test that checks your kidney health. You'd get it because the BUN level by itself doesn’t always reveal much.
When your BUN levels are compared to your creatinine levels, it gives a fuller picture of what’s happening with your kidneys. This is known as the BUN/creatinine ratio.
Creatinine is a waste product from your muscles that's also filtered by your kidneys. Like BUN, high levels of creatinine could mean there's a lot of waste product that hasn’t been removed by the kidneys.
BUN to creatinine ratio
The ideal ratio of BUN to creatinine falls between 10-to-1 and 20-to-1.
Having a ratio above this range could mean you may not be getting enough blood flow to your kidneys and could have conditions such as congestive heart failure, dehydration, or gastrointestinal bleeding.
A ratio below the normal range could mean liver disease or malnutrition.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) test
The GFR test measures how well your kidneys filter waste from your blood. It will tell your doctor how much kidney function you have. A very low number means kidney failure, which means you'll need dialysis (a treatment that helps your kidneys remove waste or fluids from your blood) or a kidney transplant.
There's no magic pill for treating high BUN levels. Doctors try to find out what's harming your kidney function and treat that condition. You can make changes to your diet to help lower BUN levels.
Drink more fluids. For men or those assigned male at birth, that means about 3 liters (13 cups) of fluid each day. Women and those assigned female at birth should take in about 9 cups of fluid a day. (If you already have serious kidney disease or are on dialysis, too much fluid can cause problems, so follow your doctor's recommendation.)
A diet low in protein can also help lower BUN levels. Eat healthy foods, such as:
Pasta, oats, and rice
Fruits including bananas, berries, and apples
Leafy green and other vegetables
Avocados, nuts, and healthy fats
You should limit high-protein foods such as meats and dairy products. To reduce your BUN levels, don't eat more than 20-30 grams of protein a day.
Having a low BUN level is usually not serious. However, if you want to raise your levels, you should eat more protein and Excellerate the health of your liver by drinking less alcohol and losing weight.
If your test results show high BUN levels, talk with your doctor about whether you'll need more tests to check your kidney function. There are no medications to treat high BUN levels. However, you can make changes to your diet that may help lower or raise BUN levels.
Sun, 29 Oct 2023 12:00:00 -0500entext/htmlhttps://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-urea-nitrogen-testThe 5 Best At-Home Cortisol Tests of 2023
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Stress can be attributed, in part, to cortisol, which is the stress hormone responsible for the fight-or-flight response.
According to a 2018 study, high stress levels over long periods of time can result in high cortisol levels, which can negatively affect your health.
One way to manage stress is to test your cortisol production levels through an at-home cortisol test. While you shouldn’t self-diagnose a medical or mental health condition, these types of tests may provide information you can discuss further with a doctor.
Here’s a breakdown of the five best at-home cortisol tests on the market.
At-home cortisol tests are used in the comfort of your space, at your convenience, to check if your cortisol production levels are too high or too low.
Too much or too little cortisol can be a sign of an adrenal gland disorder. These disorders include:
At-home cortisol tests can be a good way to check your cortisol levels and gain insight into what may be causing the symptoms you’re experiencing before visiting a doctor.
The at-home testing market is becoming more popular, and there are numerous options available. So, to ensure we chose the best at-home cortisol tests, we considered the following:
Cost: We selected at-home tests that span a range of budgets.
Ease of use: We included tests that are simple to use and provide clear instructions.
Privacy: We ensured that each brand valued data protection and used privacy measures such as discreet packaging.
Speed of results: We selected companies offering speedy test results that are easy to access online.
Medical support: Wherever possible, we’ve included companies that offer support when results are out of range, such as phone or telehealth consultation.
Reviews: Lastly, we read customer reviews to get a sense of user satisfaction and only included those with great feedback.
Cortisol is also known as the stress hormone. It plays a vital role in the body: Cortisol helps maintain blood pressure and blood sugar. It breaks down:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
Cortisol can even help fight infections.
Your adrenal glands — the two small glands that sit above your kidneys — make cortisol.
If your cortisol levels are too high or too low, you may notice some symptoms and a decline in your health. You may also have a disorder in your adrenal glands, which can be serious if left untreated.
Cortisol levels vary throughout the day. They’re typically highest when you wake up in the morning, and they gradually decrease as the day goes on.
Because of this, most at-home cortisol tests require you to collect a sample first thing in the morning. Others may ask that you collect a sample at several points during the day.
A doctor may also instruct you to take the test at a certain point of the day, depending on if they think you’re making too much or too little cortisol.
The collection methods for at-home cortisol tests vary. Some require a blood sample, while others use saliva or urine. Be sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions when taking the test.
After sending back your sample, you can expect to get the results from an at-home cortisol test in anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks.
Symptoms that may indicate low or high cortisol levels can include:
severe fatigue
headaches
difficulty concentrating
weight gain or weight loss
muscle weakness
irritability
high blood pressure
low blood sugar
If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms, consider testing your cortisol levels.
An at-home cortisol test can also be an insightful way to understand how your body responds to stress.
If you have been diagnosed with either Cushing syndrome or Addison’s disease, a doctor may also recommend testing your cortisol levels regularly.
You may want to take an at-home cortisol test, depending on the symptoms you’re experiencing. If you have too much cortisol, you may experience symptoms of Cushing syndrome. If you have too little cortisol, you may experience symptoms of Addison’s disease.
When choosing an at-home cortisol test, it’s important to consider the following factors:
your preferred collection method (saliva, urine, or blood)
the estimated timeline to get results and whether you want them quickly
A typical cortisol value in a blood sample taken at 8 a.m. is 5–25 micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dL) or 140–690 nanomoles per liter (nmol/L).
Results may depend on a variety of factors, including the time of the test and the clinical context.
A healthcare professional can best explain your unique results and what they mean for your health.
While home testing is a convenient method for checking your cortisol, it may be best to see a doctor first if you’re experiencing severe symptoms of possible low or high cortisol. These may include sudden, unexplained weight changes, darkened areas of your skin, or significant changes in mood.
You can talk with a doctor if you decide to take an at-home cortisol test and you receive abnormal results. They may order follow-up tests and determine an appropriate treatment plan. It’s also important to communicate any at-home test results with a doctor if you’re currently being treated for Cushing syndrome or Addison’s disease.
Finally, if you receive normal at-home cortisol results but still don’t feel right, you can make an appointment with a doctor to help determine what could be the underlying cause of your symptoms.
Are cortisol tests accurate?
The results of your at-home cortisol test are processed in the same labs that a doctor’s office uses, so they should be generally accurate.
However, the accuracy can depend on the type of test and collection method. If you receive your results and are unsure if they’re accurate, most test services offer to review your results with you.
It’s also a good idea to talk with a doctor after taking the test if you need more insight or guidance for next steps.
Are at-home cortisol tests better or worse than in-person tests?
When your cortisol is tested at a doctor’s office, it’s typically done using a blood sample. Most at-home cortisol tests are collected through a saliva sample, though a few may use urine or blood samples.
Getting tested at a doctor’s office or hospital is generally more accurate than a self-collected test. However, an at-home cortisol test is efficient and can be used to gather insight before visiting a doctor.
Are cortisol tests covered by insurance?
Most at-home test services don’t work with insurance companies and aren’t covered by insurance. However, some services, such as Everlywell, accept HSA and FSA payments.
To find out if your health insurance will cover an at-home cortisol test, it’s best to reach out to them directly.
Are there any risks to taking an at-home cortisol test?
At-home cortisol testing generally comes with few risks. If the test uses a blood sample, there is the possibility of bruising or bleeding. These tests are generally very accurate, but there is the chance that you may receive false positives and false negative results due to the sample collection process or shipping.
Remember, this type of testing isn’t a substitute for a visit with a primary care doctor.
How often should you test your cortisol?
Unless you have a diagnosis of either Cushing syndrome or Addison’s disease, you don’t need to test your cortisol levels regularly.
A doctor will deliver you specific instructions on the type of test to take, what time to take it, and how regularly you need to get tested.
They may recommend testing twice in 1 day or multiple times over several days since cortisol levels vary.
Occasionally checking your cortisol levels can be helpful, especially if you’re experiencing stress.
At-home cortisol tests are a convenient and efficient way to monitor your stress and adjust accordingly. However, if you’re experiencing several symptoms, it’s best to talk with a doctor.
Wed, 18 Oct 2023 12:00:00 -0500entext/htmlhttps://www.healthline.com/health/cortisol-testsDealing with test anxiety? Practice quizzes can actually help
In education circles, it’s popular to rail against testing, especially timed exams. Tests are stressful and not the best way to measure knowledge, wrote Adam Grant, an organizational psychologist at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School in a Sept. 20, 2023New York Times essay. “You wouldn’t want a surgeon who rushes through a craniectomy, or an accountant who dashes through your taxes.”
It’s tempting to agree. But there’s another side to the testing story, with a lot of evidence behind it.
Cognitive scientists argue that testing improves learning. They call it “practice retrieval” or “test-enhanced learning.” In layman’s language, that means that the brain learns new information and skills by being forced to recall them periodically. Remembering consolidates information and helps the brain form long-term memories. Of course, testing is not the only way to accomplish this, but it’s easy and efficient in a classroom.
Several meta-analyses, which summarize the evidence from many studies, have foundhigher achievement when students take quizzesinstead of, say, reviewing notes or rereading a book chapter. “There’s decades and decades of research showing that taking practice questions will actually Excellerate your learning,” said David Shanks, a professor of psychology and deputy dean of the Faculty of Brain Sciences at University College London.
Still, many students get overwhelmed during tests. Shanks and a team of four researchers wanted to find out whether quizzes exacerbate test anxiety. The team collected 24 studies that measured students’ test anxiety and found that, on average, practice questions and quizzes not only improved academic achievement, but also ended up reducing test anxiety. Theirmeta-analysis was published in Educational Psychology Reviewin August 2023.
Shanks says quizzes can be a “gentle” way to help students face challenges.
“It’s not like being thrown into the deep end of a swimming pool,” said Shanks. “It’s like being put very gently into the shallow end. And then the next time a little bit deeper, and then a little bit deeper. And so the possibility of becoming properly afraid just never arises.”
Why test anxiety diminishes is unclear. It could be because students are learning to tolerate testing conditions through repeated exposure, as Shanks described. Or it could be because quizzes are helping students master the material and perform better on the final exam. We tend to be less anxious about things we’re good at. Unfortunately, the underlying studies didn’t collect the data that could resolve this academic debate.
Shanks doesn’t think competency alone reduces test anxiety. “We know that many high achieving students get very anxious,” he said. “So it can’t just be that your anxiety goes down as your performance goes up.”
To minimize test anxiety, Shanks advises that practice questions be low stakes, either ungraded or ones that students can retake multiple times. He also suggests gamified quizzes to make tests more fun and entertaining.
Some of this advice is controversial. Many education experts argue against timed spelling tests or multiplication quizzes, but Shanks recommends both. “We would strongly speculate that there is both a learning benefit from those tests and a beneficial impact on anxiety,” he said.
Shanks said a lot more research is needed. Many of the 24 existing studies were small experiments and of uneven quality, and measuring test anxiety through surveys is an inexact science. The underlying studies covered a range of school subjects, from math and science to foreign languages, and took place in both classrooms and laboratory settings, studying students as young as third grade and as old as college. Nearly half the studies took place in the United States with the remainder in the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Nigeria, Iran, Brazil, the Netherlands, China, Singapore and Pakistan.
Shanks cautioned that this meta-analysis should not be seen as a “definitive” pronouncement that tests reduce anxiety, but rather as a summary of early research in a field that is still in its “infancy.” One big issue is that the studies measured average test anxiety for students. There may be a small minority of students who are particularly sensitive to test anxiety and who may be harmed by practice tests. These differences could be the subject of future research.
Another issue is the tradeoff between boosting achievement and reducing anxiety. The harder the practice test, the more beneficial it is for learning. But the lower the stakes for a quiz, the better it is for reducing anxiety.
Shanks dreams of finding a Goldilocks “sweet spot” where “the stakes are not so high that the test begins to provoke anxiety, but the stakes are just high enough to get the full benefit of the testing effect. We’re miles away from having firm answers to subtle questions like that.”
Sun, 24 Sep 2023 12:00:00 -0500en-ustext/htmlhttps://www.kqed.org/mindshift/62428/dealing-with-test-anxiety-practice-quizzes-can-actually-helpBest At-Home STD Test Kits of 2023
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At-home STI and STD test kits provide private, accurate results, along with post-diagnosis care. We compared the best at-home STD test kits available online and found that Everlywell offers users the best overall experience.
Best at-home tests
Hybrid testing for privacy and convenience
Regular testing for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is important for overall health and any necessary treatments. At-home tests can provide an accurate and convenient method for knowing your status.
STDs and STIs are very common. According to the World Health Organization, more than 1 million STIs are acquired daily worldwide.
One reason for this is that contraceptive methods, such as condoms, are not always failproof. Overall, if you’re sexually active, you could contract an STI.
Nowadays, there are dozens of at-home testing kits that may make getting tested easier.
Here’s some information on quality at-home testing options, how to figure out what type is best for you, and when to contact a doctor.
Also, you can use this chart for a quick comparison of the nine tests in our roundup:
*Note that we use the term “basics” to encompass chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV, HPV, syphilis, and trichomoniasis. Other STDs tested are unique to that brand.
**All prices are rounded up to the nearest dollar.
There are a lot of factors to consider when choosing an at-home STD test, which is why we turned to the experts.
Our vetting team goes the extra mile to make sure you have the best options available to you. Every product we recommend and brand we work with is thoroughly vetted by our team. If there are any lawsuits, recalls, or regulatory action letters documented about these products or companies, our vetting team makes sure they’re reported and listed.
In addition to legalities, our team always checks for medical credibility, good business practices, privacy practices and security, social impact, and the validity of any health claims a brand makes about a product. At-home testing services are required to abide by telehealth standards in the following circumstances:
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)- and/or Certified Analytics Professional (CAP)-certified
guidance available to customers who test positive for an STD
prescription services available in the event of positive test results
physician orders for in-person lab testing available where necessary
With dozens of at-home testing kits available, it can be hard to choose the right one. After all, what does a good at-home STD testing kit look like? What should it entail? What do you need?
There’s no one-size-fits-all answer. Your needs will vary, depending on your situation and circumstances. Also, they may change over time.
This chart can help you determine which type of test is right for you.
If you think you’ll need help determining results from your at-home test, taking an in-office test may be preferable. It’s an immediate source of information, and an action plan can be created on-site in the case of a positive result.
Also, be sure the test you choose is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To determine whether the FDA approves a product, you can check the FDA’s website.
While every home STI testing service is different, most of the brands recommended here offer professional advice or support for practicing test results at home.
If you do a fully at-home STI test, there is a risk that you’ll misinterpret your results. Lab-based tests can also be difficult to interpret if you have no medical background.
As such, it’s best to opt for a testing service where you have access to a healthcare professional who can discuss your results with you. They can help you interpret your results and advise you on treatments and safety.
STIs are infections transmitted from one person to another during vaginal, anal, and oral sex.
An STI is considered an STD when it causes symptoms. Usually, an infection is the first step on the road to potentially developing a disease.
Not all diseases start as infections. But in the case of STDs, they do. In both cases, STIs and STDs are used interchangeably, mostly because of the stigma that is associated with the term “STD.” We also use these interchangeably throughout the article.
While most STIs are contracted through vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse, some can be transmitted through nonsexual means, such as blood transfusions and shared products, like needles and syringes.
Talk with a healthcare professional if one of your partners has recently tested positive for an STD or STI or if you’re experiencing possible symptoms of an STI.
The CDC recommends STD screenings from a healthcare professional in the following cases:
You’re between 13 and 64 years old and have never been tested for HIV.
You share needles. Your doctor may recommend annual HIV testing.
You have sex without a condom or other barrier methods. Your doctor may recommend annual HIV testing.
You have oral or anal sex regularly. Your doctor may recommend throat and rectal testing.
You’re pregnant. Your doctor will test you for hepatitis B and C, HIV, and syphilis.
If you have an STI but are experiencing more or worsening symptoms, like genital discharge or urinary symptoms, contact a healthcare professional to further evaluate your symptoms.
The CDC makes the following additional recommendations for screening:
People who are sexually active and assigned female at birth, people assigned male at birth, and people under 25 years old may want to undergo annual chlamydia and gonorrhea testing.
People who are sexually active and assigned male at birth who have sex with other people assigned male at birth may want to undergo testing as frequently as every 3 to 6 months.
Can you test yourself for an STD at home?
Our roundup of five at-home STD tests is a good starting point if you want to get tested without contacting a doctor.
Depending on the test, you may need to visit a lab for collection. Every other part of the process, including the lab order, payment, and results, is done online.
If you receive a positive test result, the testing kit company may offer a consultation with one of their doctors. During that consultation, you can discuss any next steps, such as further testing or treatment.
At this point, it’s also a good idea to contact your primary care doctor to share your results.
How do at-home and lab-direct STD tests work?
With both at-home and lab-direct tests, you’ll provide a sample. The samples may include blood, urine, anal, vaginal, or oral swabs.
The samples are submitted to a lab, and results are shared discreetly.
If you receive a positive STD result, contact your primary care clinician to discuss the best treatment option for you. Also, be prepared to notify any partners of the positive result.
How can I tell if I have an STD without going to the doctor?
An at-home test may confirm whether you have an STD, but it’s important to contact your doctor if you have symptoms of a possible infection. These symptoms may include:
vaginal or penile burning or discharge
frequent urination
pelvic or genital pain
sores or bumps around your genitals, anus, or mouth
atypical bleeding (bleeding other than menstruation)
How often should I get tested for STDs?
The CDC recommends that people ages 13 to 64 get tested for HIV at least once a year as part of their routine health checkup.
The CDC also recommends that sexually active women under 25 years old get tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia every year.
In addition, the CDC suggests that pregnant people get tested for syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV early in their pregnancy.
Sexually active men who have sex with men may want to also get tested for syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea annually.
If you experience symptoms at any time, don’t wait to get tested. The quicker you’re tested, the sooner you can begin treatment.
Are STD tests accurate?
Most modern STD tests are very accurate. Still, test accuracy can vary, depending on the type of sample and the test detection method.
Traditional in-office tests are more accurate than fully online tests, and home-to-lab tests are more accurate than self-collected tests. But all are highly efficient.
How reliable are at-home STD tests?
While in-office STD tests may be considered the most reliable, the at-home test kits on our list also have a reputation for being accurate.
It’s important that you don’t rely on home testing in place of contacting your doctor if you have any possible symptoms of an STD or STI or have other important questions about your overall health.
Does insurance cover STD tests?
Most insurance plans cover the cost of STD tests, as these tests are considered preventive and covered under the Affordable Care Act. But whether your plan covers a specific STD test depends on several factors, including your:
age
sex and gender
risk factors
pregnancy status
Also, the coverage of at-home tests varies.
To learn more about your specific options, talk with a nurse, a doctor, or your insurance company.
Testing can help prevent the transmission of STIs. It can also help you get the appropriate treatment if you have a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, as many STDs and STIs can be treated or cured.
Contacting a doctor or other healthcare professional is generally the most reliable way to know whether you’ve contracted an STI or have an STD. But an at-home test is an excellent alternative. For many, an at-home test is a confidential and convenient option.
Kimberly Zapata is a mother, writer, and mental health advocate. Her work has appeared on several sites, including The Washington Post, HuffPost, Oprah, Vice, Parents, Health, and Scary Mommy — to name a few. When her nose isn’t buried in work (or a good book), Kimberly spends her free time runningGreater Than: Illness, a nonprofit organization that aims to empower children and young adults working through mental health conditions. Follow Kimberly onFacebookorTwitter.
Kristeen Cherney is a freelance writer and PhD candidate who specializes in covering subjects related to mental disabilities, women’s health, skin health, diabetes, thyroid disease, asthma, and allergies. She’s also currently working on her dissertation, which explores intersections of disability studies and literacy studies. When she’s not researching or writing, Cherney enjoys getting outdoors as much as possible. She also practices yoga and kick-boxing.
Wed, 25 Oct 2023 12:00:00 -0500entext/htmlhttps://www.healthline.com/health/at-home-std-testTopics in Advanced Practice NursingNo result found, try new keyword!Articles, January 2011 In Support of Doctor of Nursing Practice Education in Canada This author makes the case for Canada to develop a quality DNP program for the nursing profession. Commentary ...Tue, 14 Nov 2023 10:00:00 -0600text/htmlhttps://www.medscape.com/nursingejournalTest-Optional Admission Policy
Admission and merit scholarship consideration for students who apply as test-optional is based on several factors, including high school GPA, grades in coursework required for university admission, and rigor/performance in advanced courses (AP, IB, Honors, etc.).
Consideration for students applying with a test score includes all the above plus their highest composite ACT or SAT score.
Mon, 16 Oct 2023 05:29:00 -0500en-UStext/htmlhttps://www.uab.edu/admissions/apply/test-optionalWhat to know about the BNP test
A brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood test measures the levels of BNP in a person’s blood. Doctors use BNP tests to indicate how well the heart is pumping blood throughout the body.
Many healthcare professionals find BNP tests useful in helping diagnose or monitor heart failure.
Read on to learn more about BNP and the levels of BNP that medical experts consider normal. We also outline the BNP test procedure and what the results mean for a person’s heart health.
A BNP test measures levels of BNP in the blood. BNP is a hormone that the left ventricle of the heart produces to help regulate blood volume. The left ventricle is the part of the heart chiefly responsible for pumping oxygenated blood around the body. If a person’s heart has difficulty pumping blood, it releases more BNP than usual. For this reason, doctors often use the BNP test as an indicator of how efficiently the heart is pumping.
Doctors often order the BNP test for people they believe may experiencing heart failure. Heart failure is where a person’s heart does not pump blood efficiently enough to support their body’s needs or when the heart does not relax normally, leading to elevated heart pressure.
However, any factors that can increase pressure in the heart or stretch its atria chambers, such as blood clots in the lungs — which doctors refer to as pulmonary embolism — can cause elevated BNP levels.
Some signs that an individual may be experiencing heart failure include:
feeling easily fatigued
experiencing unexplained swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, and stomach
an inability to lay flat due to shortness of breath
Doctors usually use a BNP test to help detect heart failure. Additionally, they can use the test to help with prognoses, as elevated BNP levels can increase the risk of adverse outcomes, even in those without heart failure. Healthcare professionals may also order a blood screening to investigate what might be contributing to heart failure and to help devise a treatment plan.
Additionally, doctors may use the BNP test to assess how well a person’s heart failure treatments are working.
The BNP test follows a standard blood test procedure, which a doctor, nurse, or phlebotomist performs. A phlebotomist is a person trained in drawing blood.
The medical professional will:
apply a tight band, or tourniquet, around the arm to make the veins more prominent and easier to identify
clean the skin over and around the vein
insert a small, hollow needle into the vein and collect the blood in a tube
remove the tourniquet and apply gauze or bandage to the area to stop any bleeding
Most people can resume their normal activities immediately after the screening.
A person does not usually need to make any preparations for a BNP test, such as fasting. However, doctors will advise individuals on any specific requirements.
Experts agree there is a healthy range for BNP levels. The cut-off point can vary by laboratory, but commonly, this range is less than 100 picograms of BNP per milliliter (pg/ml) of blood. This means that a result of more than 100 pg/ml indicates the possibility of heart failure.
However, these values can vary by age, so people should always discuss their results with their doctor.
It is also important to note that some tests can result in falsely low levels, which might indicate normal values of BNP when a person, in fact, does have heart failure.
Several factors can influence an individual’s BNP levels. These include:
Age: BNP levels tend to get higher as people get older.
Gender: Females tend to have slightly higher BNP levels than males
Certain medical conditions: The presence of other medical conditions, such as renal failure, liver cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, or sepsis, can affect BNP levels.
Ultimately, many factors can affect BNP levels. A doctor will interpret a person’s results alongside those of other tests. They will also consider their overall health and whether or not they have any symptoms.
Doctors typically use the BNP test as an indicator of whether a person is experiencing heart failure. If the test shows low or normal levels of BNP, they may rule out the possibility of this condition.
If an individual’s BNP levels are higher than normal, a healthcare professional may recommend additional tests. Examples of these tests include:
A person can learn how to lower their BNP levels, which they can achieve through various lifestyle changes, including:
The BNP is one of a family of blood tests that measure levels of brain natriuretic peptide in the blood. It is one of several tests that doctors may use to help diagnose heart failure.
If a person’s BNP levels are higher than normal, a doctor may order additional screenings, such as a chest X-ray and echocardiogram, to check for heart failure.
People should speak with a healthcare professional if they have questions or concerns about their BNP test results.
Wed, 08 Nov 2023 10:00:00 -0600entext/htmlhttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326985
