Exam ID : 72200X
Exam Title : Avaya Aura® Core Components Support Exam
Number of Questions : 62
Duration of test : 105 minutes
Passing Scores : 68%
The Avaya Aura® Core Components Support test (72200X) is a requirement to earn the ACSS - Avaya Aura® Core Components credential.
This test has 62 questions and the minimum passing score is 68%. The candidate has 105 minutes to complete this exam.
Avaya Team Engagement Core Solutions Troubleshooting
Identify the Avaya Aura® Core architecture.
Explain the Avaya troubleshooting methodology.
Describe the fundamental voice network processes and standards,
Perform baseline troubleshooting on Avaya Aura® Core components.
Explain and draw call and message flows.
Use the Avaya GSS Troubleshooting Methodology, knowledge of Avaya Communication Applications and tools to isolate and resolve issues.
Avaya Aura Core Components Support (72200X) Avaya Components approach
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Question #4 Section 2
The client has finished deploying Avaya Aura® Communication Manager (CM) and has signed a service contract with Avaya for technical support.
What should be done by the system administrator in CM to allow Avaya services to login and support the platform?
A. It is not necessary to do something. Avaya Services can access by default
B. EASGManage -disableEASG
C. EASGManage -enableEASG
D. EASGTurnOn
E. EASGManage -turnonEASG Answer: C
Reference: https://downloads.avaya.com/css/P8/documents/101038495
Question #5 Section 2
You are preparing to enable EASG to provide Avaya Services local and remote access for performing support and system optimization.
What are the two methods to enable EASG during the implementation? (Choose two.)
A. During the OVA deployment
B. Using the CLI command EASGManage after deployment
C. Open a ticket to Avaya services and request to enable it
D. Using SMGR web GUI, check the "Enable EASG" check box on the desired component in the Inventory/Manage Elements screen
E. Using the SDM after the deployment Answer: BD
Reference: https://downloads.avaya.com/css/P8/documents/101038495
Question #6 Section 2
When comparing two Remote Worker SIP clients, one is an Avaya Communicator soft client and the other is a 96X1SIP hardphone, which statement is
true?
A. Both Avaya Communicator and 96X1SIP clients register with SM via SBCE and receive their SIP Controller List by PPM download.
B. The Avaya Communicator receives its SIP Controller List via 46xxsettings.txt file download, whereas the 96x1 receives its SIP Controller List
by PPM download.
C. If required, Avaya Communicator and 96X1 clients will automatically upgrade themselves from software stored on the SBCE.
D. Avaya Communicator registers with SM via SBCE whereas the 96X1 telephone registers with CM via SBCE. Answer: B
Question #7 Section 2
You are configuring Shared Bandwidth Management for Call Admission Control (CAC) between Communication Manager (CM) and Session Manager
(SM).
Which two tasks must you perform to achieve this? (Choose two.)
A. Specify the shared bandwidth limit on the Communication Manager (SIP) Entity screen
B. Create Network Region Groups (NRG) in Communication Manager
C. Create Locations in Session Manager
D. Create a Bandwidth Share Group in SM
E. Match the Network Region used for the SIP users with the Domain in SM Answer: AD
Reference: https://downloads.avaya.com/css/P8/documents/101008709
Question #8 Section 2
A customer has learned about the benefits of using CAC Sharing and asked you to implement it between the Session Manager (SM) in Main office and
Communication Manager located in a branch location.
What are the steps that you must follow to implement CAC Sharing?
A. In Communication Manager: Configure Network Regions and Network Regions Group, Enable Shared Bandwidth Management. In Session
Manager: Configure Location, Assign Bandwidth limits to the location, Enable shared Bandwidth Management for Network Region SIP entity.
B. In Communication Manager: Configure Network Regions and Network Regions Group, Enable Shared Bandwidth Management. In Session
Manager: Configure Location, Assign Bandwidth limits to the Entity Link, Enable shared Bandwidth Management for CM SIP entity.
C. In Communication Manager: Configure Network Regions and Network Regions Group, Enable Shared Bandwidth Management. In Session
Manager: Configure Location, Assign Bandwidth limits to the location, Enable shared Bandwidth Management for CM SIP entity.
D. In Communication Manager: Configure Network regions and Shared Bandwidth Management Groups. In Session Manager: Configure
Location, Assign Bandwidth limits to the location, Enable shared Bandwidth Management for CM SIP entity. Answer: A
Question #9 Section 2
Which three statements about media-processing resources (DSPs) are true? (Choose three.)
A. Two-party calls originated by SIP stations or trunks, and terminated by H.323 trunks, media gateways, or other vendors' H.323 stations, will
typically shuffle if CM is configured to do so.
B. Two-party calls originated by H.323 stations, trunks, or media gateways, and terminated by SIP stations or trunks, cannot shuffle.
C. SIP-SIP two-party calls will always use SIP Direct Media if Communication Manager (CM) is configured to do so.
D. H.323-H.323 two-party calls will always shuffle to establish a direct media path if CM is configured to do so.
E. If a direct media path cannot be established between two IP endpoints the call will fail from release 7.0. Answer: BCE
Question #10 Section 2
Which two types of Certificate need to be installed on Communication Manager (CM) in order to successfully establish a TLS connection with Session
Manager?
A. Backup server and default certificates
B. Site Root certificates and Security certificates
C. Root or Certificate Authority (CA) and SIP default certificates
D. Root or Certificate Authority (CA) and CM Server Identity certificates Answer: D
Question #11 Section 2
A customer faces a situation in which the SIP endpoints do not register to Session Manager using Transport Layer Security (TLS). A test reveals that the
SIP endpoints do register using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). While investigating the problem, the company decides to temporarily use the
TCP.
What 8D Discipline covers this decision?
A. D5 Choose Corrective Actions
B. D4 Root Causes
C. D2 Describe the Problem
D. D1 Establish the Team
E. D3 Containment Actions Answer: E
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https://killexams.com/exam_list/Avayawhat are the different components of the space station?
what are the different components of the space station?
Canadian Mobile Servicing System - includes a 55-foot robot arm with 125-ton payload capability, as well as a mobile transporter, which can be positioned along the truss for robotic assembly and maintenance operations.
Zarya, also called Functional Cargo Block (FGB - acronym from the Russian term) - includes the energy block, contingency fuel storage, propulsion and multiple docking points. Built in Russia, but purchased by the United States, the element weighs approximately 42,600 pounds.
Russian Service Module - provides life support and utilities, thrusters and habitation functions (toilet and hygiene facilities). The element weighs approximately 42,000 pounds.
Science Power Platform (SPP) - will provide power (approximately 25 kilowatts) and heat rejection for the Space Station's science and operations.
Crew Return Vehicles (CRVs) - includes two modified Russian Soyuz TM capsules or a Soyuz and another vehicle, yet to be determined, which would accommodate seven people. The Soyuz can normally accommodate a crew of three, or a crew of two when considering the return of an ill or injured crewmember with room for medical equipment. NASA is currently testing a CRV prototype called the X-38.
Progress Cargo Vehicles - carry reboost propellant (up to 6,600 pounds) to the Space Station about four times per year.
Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) - is a transfer vehicle to carry reboost propellant and supplies to the Space Station. The European-developed ATV will be launched by Europe's Ariane-5.
Six Laboratories -
Two U.S. - a laboratory and a Centrifuge Accommodation Module (CAM)
One European Space Agency (ESA) Columbus Orbital Facility (COF)
U.S., European and Japanese Laboratories - together provide 33 International Standard Payload Racks with additional science space available in the two Russian Research Modules.
Japan's JEM - has an exposed platform, or "back porch," attached to it, with 10 mounting spaces for experiments, which provide direct contact with the space environment. The JEM also has a small robotic arm for payload operations on the exposed platform.
U.S. Habitation Module - contains the galley, toilet, shower, sleep stations and medical facilities.
Three Italian Multi-Purpose Laboratory Modules (MPLMs) - carries all the pressurized cargo and payloads launched on the Space Shuttle. Each module is capable of delivering 16 International Standard Payload Racks.
Three U.S. Nodes - Unity Node is for storage space only; Node 2 contains racks of equipment used to convert electrical power for use by the international partners. Node 3 will house life support equipment. The nodes are also the structural building blocks that link the pressurized modules together.
External Sites - four locations on the truss for mounting experiments intended for looking down at Earth and up into space or for direct exposure to space.
Tue, 20 Jun 2017 08:56:00 -0500text/htmlhttps://www.pbs.org/spacestation/station/components.htmHow to Change the Time on an Avaya Phone SystemNo result found, try new keyword!2. Press the “Feature” button and dial “00” on the keypad. 3. Press the left “Intercom” button twice. 4. Press the “#” key and dial “103.” 5. Enter the current time on the ...Sun, 22 Jul 2018 01:57:00 -0500en-UStext/htmlhttps://smallbusiness.chron.com/change-time-avaya-phone-system-57763.htmlAvaya J179 Phone Quick Reference
Getting To Know Your Avaya J179
Your Avaya desk phone can perform some pretty advanced tasks if you know how to navigate the phone’s settings. A schematic and glossary of the phone, its buttons and icons is available on the Avaya J179 Phone page.
If you have any further questions about setting up or using other features of your desk phone not covered here, contact the Service Desk at (916) 278-7337.
Extended Features of Your Avaya Desk Phone
Commonly Used Features
Symbols, Icons & Buttons
Conference Calling
You may add up to five people on a call.
Setting up a conference call
From the Phone screen, select your active call if not already on that line.
Press Conf.
Dial the telephone number, or call the person from the Contacts list, or call the person from the History list.
When the person answers, press Join or OK to add the person to the existing call.
Press Add and repeat these steps to add another person to the conference call.
Adding a person on hold to a conference call
From the Phone screen, select your active call.
Press “Conf”, you will get dial tone
Select the call on hold that you want to add to the conference.
Press “Join” to add the person to the conference call.
Dropping a person from a conference call
To drop the last person you added onto the call, Press the “Drop” Button.
Personalizing Button Labels
You can change the labels that the phone displays for your extensions, features, and abbreviated dial or speed dial buttons. For example, you can change the label for your extension to My Line. If you have a button module attached to your phone, you can change any of those labels. For example, you can change a Help Desk extension to read Help Desk.
Press Main Menu.
Select Options & Settings or Phone Settings.
Press Select or OK.
Select Application Settings.
Select Personalize Labels.
Press Change or OK. The phone displays the labels which you can edit.
Select the label you want to edit. If the label you want to edit is on the Features menu, scroll right to access the Features menu, and select the label you want to edit.
Press Edit.
Edit the label. Press More then Clear to clear all text fields and start again.
Press Save or OK.
(Optional) To revert to the default button labels, select Main Menu > Options & Settings > Application Settings > Restore Default Button Labels.
Press Select.
Press Default.
Speed Dial
If you want to set up your phone to speed dial contacts on or off campus, follow the steps below:
From the initial screen on your phone, press the down arrow until you find the Abr Program button.
Press the Abr Program button, then select the Speed Dial (SD) button you want to use.
If it is an extension on campus, just dial the five digit extension, then press # to save it. That’s pretty much it.
If it is an off-campus number, dial 9 followed by area code and the rest of the number (ex: 9-916-555-5555). Save it by pressing #.
In both cases, press the Speaker button to exit programming mode.
Test the speed dial by pressing the speed dial button.
Setting Headset Ringer
You can get incoming call alert through your headset and the speaker. This might be convenient if you want to turn the speaker alert off or you have a wireless headset. Note: Not all the headsets support audible alerts.
Press Main menu.
Navigate to Options and Settings > Call Settings > Headset Signaling.
Select from the three settings using the corresponding buttons:
None: No ringing tone is sent to the headset. Headset remains on hook until headset switch-hook button is pressed for an incoming call.
Switchhook and Alerts: On an incoming call, the phone plays an alert tone in the headset every 5 seconds.
Switchhook only: The phone does not send the ringing tone to the headset. The headset switchhook button is non functional.
Press Save.
Adjusting Display Brightness
Press Home.
Press Main menu.
Select Options & Settings or Phone Settings.
Press Select.
Select Screen & Sound Options.
Press Select.
Select Brightness or Contrast.
Press Change.
Select Phone or an attached button module.
Scroll to the right or left to adjust the brightness or contrast.
Press Save.
Wed, 05 Jan 2022 16:22:00 -0600entext/htmlhttps://www.csus.edu/information-resources-technology/communication-collaboration/new-phone-migration.htmlAvaya Inc
About Avaya Inc
Avaya provides solutions to enhance and simplify communications and collaboration, including unified communications and contact center solutions. The company focuses on cloud communications and a multi-cloud application ecosystem to deliver digital workplace and customer experience infrastructure for clients in approximately 191 countries worldwide. Avaya customers include global companies like American Express, Apple, Barclays, Bank of America, Comcast, Citigroup, CVS/Aetna, GE, General Motors, MetLife, UPS, Walmart and more, along with SMB and mid-market organizations across a variety of indu... Read More
Avaya provides solutions to enhance and simplify communications and collaboration, including unified communications and contact center solutions. The company focuses on cloud communications and a multi-cloud application ecosystem to deliver digital workplace and customer experience infrastructure for clients in approximately 191 countries worldwide. Avaya customers include global companies like American Express, Apple, Barclays, Bank of America, Comcast, Citigroup, CVS/Aetna, GE, General Motors, MetLife, UPS, Walmart and more, along with SMB and mid-market organizations across a variety of industries. Avaya went public via and IPO in January 2018 and now trades as Avaya Holdings, under the ticker AVYA. Read Less
Related People & Companies
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Tue, 31 Jan 2023 21:58:00 -0600entext/htmlhttps://www.fool.com/quote/nyse/avya/What are approach shoes? And how are they different from walking shoes?
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Approach shoes have a confusing name, which seems pose more questions than are strictly necessary. What are we approaching? And what do we do when we get there? Despite this, and their association with rock climbers, this style of outdoor footwear has some profoundly useful features if your trekking or hiking route contains any kind of challenging, rocky terrain.
While for most hikes you won't go wrong with a pair of the best hiking boots, scrambling up boulder-strewn hillsides or traversing across white-knuckle ridgelines can feel a hell of a lot more secure if you sub in a pair of approach shoes. Read on to find out why this is, what you can use approach shoes for, and how they differ from today's best walking shoes.
What are approach shoes?
Before they can scale any cliffs, rock climbers have to negotiate the walks in, loaded up with ropes and gear, and often over steep rocky terrain. Traditional walking boots are hardwearing but the rubber on the soles isn't designed to grip on rocky scrambles.
So, some bright spark realised that if you soled trail shoes in the same soft, super-grippy rubber as rock climber's climbing shoes, then you'd have a hybrid that would be at home when the trail gets technical. The approach shoe was born, and has become a mainstay not just for climbers, but for anyone who wants to travel across rugged terrain, or try a spot of scrambling.
(Image credit: Scarpa)
What are approach shoes used for?
Many adventurous trails demand more from your footwear, particularly at altitude. In mountainous areas, paths often head directly into boulder fields, or slopes of loose scree – this is ideal approach shoe terrain, because they are made to provide you surer footing on rocky ground.
Because of this, they are usually a lighter weight, more nimble offering than traditional leather hiking boots, which makes them a great spring and summer option (although some waterproof versions are now becoming available.)
Approach shoes and scrambling go together like jam and toast. If your route involves as graded scramble or high ridge traverse, then you should consider leaving your walking shoes behind and investing in a pair of these. That exposed feeling of picking your way across a knife-edge of rock, with a dizzying drop next to you is so much more manageable when you can trust your feet!
And if you're thinking of trying rock climbing (and you should), then packing approach shoes means you won't be 'that' person who has to gingerly pick their way through a boulder field in boots that might slip at any moment.
How are approach shoes different to walking shoes?
I've already talked about the rubber soles, which are softer and stickier, but there are some other significant differences between approach shoes and regular trail shoes, or hiking boots. Approach shoes are stiffer along their length to allow 'edging', or placing the toe and inside edges of the soles into cracks and footholds on boulders. They often have a rubber rand around the toes and side of the shoe to provide extra grip when you jam the shoe into cracks or between boulders.
Approach shoes are still designed to be durable, but they have traded some longevity for manoeuvrability, so the soles may wear quicker. Most have fairly shallow lugs too, which means that there is more surface area of rubber on the rock, supercharging their grip, but they may struggle in very muddy conditions.
(Image credit: Scarpa)
What are the best approach shoe brands?
Unsurprisingly, the best approach shoe brands also make great rock climbing shoes. From personal experience I would recommend Scarpa and La Sportiva as top of the tree. Their rosters of pro climbers, from Alex Honnold to Nina Williams, have tested their approach shoes to destruction. (Here's my Scarpa Mescalito review, for a closer look at one of my absolute favourites.)
But there are plenty of other heavy-hitting approach shoe brands to choose from, including Black Diamond, Arc'Teryx, Garmont and Mammut. Whichever you pick, you're going to enjoy being the most sure-footed trail hound around!
Browse the ranges as trusted brands and retailers below:
How should approach shoes fit?
The last thing you want your feet to do in a pair of approach shoes, is slip as you clamber over a boulder. That would undo all the traction in the rubber sole, so make sure your heel is locked, your midfoot is held, as if gently by a hand, and there isn't too much room around your toes.
Some outdoor stores have sloped boxes to walk up, and test this, because it's hard to do on flat ground. All that said, you don't want approach shoes that are too tight to be comfortable enough to walk in for hours. If you think you're going to need more ankle support than the typical low-cut approach shoe provides, then seek out a model that has a mid-cut alternative – there are several options out there.
How to clean approach shoes
Many approach shoes have nubuck or technical suede uppers, to maximise breathability, so it's not recommended to just bung them in the washing machine with some laundry detergent, like you might do with regular trainers.
Instead, reach for a brush and a specialist spray on footwear cleaner, which will help you gently remove dirt, re-fresh any water repelling treatment and restore breathability. Grangers Footwear & Gear Cleaner, is a good, Blue Sign-approved spray that won't pollute beaches when you rinse off your brushes.
If you're dealing with dried-on mud then remove the laces and use a dry brush to get the worst of the dirt off, then spray on the footwear cleaner and finish the job. Once you're done, you can add water-based re-proofer to help the upper recover some of its muck-repelling properties.
Mon, 15 Mar 2021 22:57:00 -0500entext/htmlhttps://www.t3.com/features/what-are-approach-shoes-and-how-are-they-different-from-walking-shoesSmaller Is Sometimes Better: Why Electronic Components Are So Tiny
Perhaps the second most famous law in electronics after Ohm’s law is Moore’s law: the number of transistors that can be made on an integrated circuit doubles every two years or so. Since the physical size of chips remains roughly the same, this implies that the individual transistors become smaller over time. We’ve come to expect new generations of chips with a smaller feature size to come along at a regular pace, but what exactly is the point of making things smaller? And does smaller always mean better?
Smaller Size Means Better Performance
Over the past century, electronic engineering has improved massively. In the 1920s, a state-of-the-art AM radio contained several vacuum tubes, a few enormous inductors, capacitors and resistors, several dozen meters of wire to act as an antenna, and a big bank of batteries to power the whole thing. Today, you can listen to a dozen music streaming services on a device that fits in your pocket and can do a gazillion more things. But miniaturization is not just done for ease of carrying: it is absolutely necessary to achieve the performance we’ve come to expect of our devices today.
A module from a 1950s IBM 700 computer. Note the enormous size of all components. Credit: autopilot, CC BY-SA 3.0
One obvious benefit of smaller components is that they allow you to pack more functionality in the same volume. This is especially important for digital circuits: more components means you can do more processing in the same amount of time. For instance, a 64-bit processor can, in theory, process eight times as much information as an 8-bit CPU running at the same clock frequency. But it also needs eight times as many components: registers, adders, buses and so on all become eight times larger. So you’d need either a chip that’s eight times larger, or transistors that are eight times smaller.
The same thing holds for memory chips: make smaller transistors, and you have more storage space in the same volume. The pixels in most of today’s displays are made of thin-film transistors, so here it also makes sense to scale them down and achieve a higher resolution. However, there’s another, crucial reason why smaller transistors are better: their performance increases massively. But why exactly is that?
It’s All About the Parasitics
A diagram illustrating the parasitic capacitances of a transistor. Credit: Michel Bakni, CC BY-SA 4.0
Whenever you make a transistor, it comes with a few additional components for free. There’s resistance in series with each of the terminals. Anything that carries a current also has self-inductance. And finally, there’s capacitance between any two conductors that face each other. All of these effects eat power and slow the transistor down. The parasitic capacitances are especially troublesome: they need to be charged and discharged every time the transistor switches on or off, which takes time and current from the supply.
The capacitance between two conductors is a function of their physical size: smaller dimensions mean smaller capacitances. And because smaller capacitances mean higher speed as well as lower power, smaller transistors can be run at higher clock frequencies and dissipate less heat while doing so.
Capacitance is not the only effect that changes when you scale down a transistor: lots of weird quantum-mechanical effects pop up that are not apparent for larger devices. In general however, making transistors smaller makes them faster. But there’s more to electronics than just transistors. How do other components fare when you scale them down?
Not So Fast
In general, passive components like resistors, capacitors and inductors don’t become much better when you make them smaller: in many ways, they become worse. Miniaturizing these components is therefore done mainly just to be able to squeeze them into a smaller volume, and thereby saving PCB space.
Resistors can be reduced in size without much penalty. The resistance of a piece of material is given by , where l is the length, A the cross-sectional area and ρ the resistivity of the material. You can simply scale down the length and cross-section and end up with a resistor that’s physically smaller, but still has the same resistance. The only downside is that a physically small resistor will heat up more compared to a larger one when it dissipates the same amount of power. Therefore, small resistors can only be used in low-power circuits. The table shows how the maximum power rating of SMD resistors goes down as their dimensions are reduced.
Metric
Imperial
Power rating (W)
2012
0805
0.125
1608
0603
0.1
1005
0402
0.06
0603
0201
0.05
0402
01005
0.031
03015
009005
0.02
Small, smaller, smallest: tiny resistors compared to a 0.5 mm mechanical pencil lead. Credit: Rohm Semiconductor
Today, the smallest resistors you can buy are metric 03015 size (0.3 mm x 0.15 mm). With a power rating of just 20 mW, they’re only used in circuits that dissipate very little power and are extremely constrained in volume. An even smaller metric 0201 package (0.2 mm x 0.1 mm) has been announced, but is not in production yet. But even when they do show up in manufacturer’s catalogs, don’t expect them to pop up everywhere: most pick-and-place robots are not accurate enough to handle them, so they will likely remain a niche product.
Capacitors can be scaled down as well, but this reduces their capacitance. The formula for calculating the capacitance of a parallel-place capacitor is , where A is the area of the plates, d is the distance between them, and ε is the dielectric constant (a property of the material in the middle). If you miniaturize a capacitor, which is basically a flat device, you have to reduce the area and therefore the capacitance. If you still want to pack a lot of nanofarads in a small volume, the only option is to stack several layers on top of each other. Thanks to advances in materials and manufacturing, which also enable thin films (small d) and special dielectrics (with larger ε), capacitors have shrunk in size significantly over the past few decades.
An idealized parallel-plate capacitor. Credit: inductiveload, public domain
The smallest capacitors available today are packaged in the ultra-small metric 0201 package: just 0.25 mm x 0.125 mm. Their capacitance is limited to a still useful 100 nF with a 6.3 V maximum operating voltage. Again, these packages are so tiny that advanced equipment is needed to process them, limiting their widespread adoption.
For inductors, the story is a bit trickier. The inductance of a straight coil is given by , where N is the number of turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil, l is its length and μ is a material constant (the magnetic permeability). If you scale down all dimensions by half, you halve the inductance as well. However, the resistance of the wire remains the same: this is because the wire’s length and cross section are both reduced to a quarter of their original value. This means you end up with the same resistance for half the inductance, and therefore you’ve halved the quality (Q) factor of your coil.
Almost invisible: three 0201 (metric) capacitors. Image credit: Murata Electronics
The smallest commercially available discrete inductors are in the imperial 01005 size (0.4 mm x 0.2 mm). These go up to 56 nH, with several Ohms of resistance. Inductors in the ultra-small metric 0201 package were announced back in 2014 but apparently never brought to market.
There have been some efforts to get around the inductor’s physical limitations by using a phenomenon called kinetic inductance, which can be observed in coils made of graphene. But even that gives an improvement of perhaps 50%, if it can be made in a commercially viable way. In the end, coils simply don’t miniaturize very well. But this doesn’t have to be a problem if your circuits work at high frequencies. If your signals are in the GHz range, then a coil of a few nH is often enough.
It’s Not Just the Components
This brings us to another thing that has been minaturized over the past century, but which you might not notice right away: the wavelengths we use for communication. Early radio broadcasts used medium wave AM frequencies around 1 MHz, with a wavelength of about 300 meters. The FM band centered around 100 MHz, or three meters, became popular around the 1960s, while today we mostly use 4G communications around 1 or 2 GHz, about 20 cm. Higher frequencies mean more capacity to transmit information, and it’s because of miniaturization that we have cheap, reliable and power efficient radios working at these frequencies.
Shrinking wavelengths enabled shrinking antennas, since their size is directly related to the frequency they need to transmit or receive. The fact that mobile phones today don’t need long protruding antennas is thanks to the fact that they exclusively communicate at GHz frequencies, for which the antennas only need to be around one centimeter long. This is also why most phones that still contain an FM receiver require you to plug in your headphones before using it: the radio needs to use the headphone’s wires as an antenna to get enough signal strength out of those meter-long waves.
As for the circuits connected to our tiny antennas, they actually become easier to make when they’re smaller. This is not just because the transistors become faster, but also because transmission line effects are less of an issue. In a nutshell, when a piece of wire is longer than about one tenth of a wavelength, you need to take the phase shift along its length into account when designing your circuit. At 2.4 GHz this means that just one centimeter of wire already affects your circuit; quite a headache if you’re soldering discrete components together, but not a problem if you’re laying out circuits on a few square millimeters.
How Low Can You Go?
It has become a bit of a recurring theme in tech journalism to either predict the demise of Moore’s law, or to show how those predictions are wrong time and again. The fact remains that the three players still competing at the cutting edge of this game — Intel, Samsung and TSMC — keep on squeezing ever more functionality into each square micron, and are planning several improved generations of chips into the future. Even if the strides they make at each step may not be as great as they were two decades ago, miniaturization of transistors continues nonetheless.
As for discrete components however, it seems like we’ve reached a natural limit: making them smaller doesn’t Improve their performance, and the smallest components currently available are smaller than the vast majority of use cases need. There doesn’t seem to be a Moore’s law for discretes, but if there were one, we would love to see how far one could push the SMD Soldering Challenge.
Sat, 03 Jun 2023 11:59:00 -0500Robin Keareyen-UStext/htmlhttps://hackaday.com/2021/11/08/smaller-is-sometimes-better-why-electronic-components-are-so-tiny/Explore the Four Components of Blood
What You Need:
Candy red hots
Corn syrup
White jelly beans or marshmallows
Candy sprinkles
Small mixing bowl
What You Do:
Plasma composes 55% of our blood, and is 90% water. It carries dissolved nutrients like glucose, protein and hormones to parts of the body and picks up waste to bring back to organs to be cleaned or "filtered" it out. In this activity, plasma is represented by the corn syrup. After discussing the properties of plasma, have your child fill the bowl approximately 55% full of corn syrup.
Red Blood Cells comprise 44% of our blood. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body. They only live for about 3 months. These cells are continuously reproduced in the bone marrow. In this activity, red blood cells are represented by the red hots. After discussing the properties of red blood cells, have your child fill the bowl approximately 44% full of of red hots.
White Blood Cells account for .5% of our blood and are larger than red blood cells. They are built to fight infections. In this activity, white blood cells are represented by the white jelly beans. After discussing the properties of white blood cells, have your child add a few white jelly beans to the bowl.
Platelets account for .5% of our blood and help to clot our blood when we get a cut. Have your child add a few candy sprinkles to the bowl to represent platelets.
You've made plasma soup! To find out more about blood, do some online research to see what the cells look like under a microscope. If you know what your blood type is, share it with your child. If he (and you!) are up for it, bring your child along the next time you volunteer to provide blood.
Thu, 23 Aug 2012 03:51:00 -0500entext/htmlhttps://www.education.com/activity/article/Components_Blood/Computing components news
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Wed, 31 May 2023 12:01:00 -0500entext/htmlhttps://www.techradar.com/news/computing-componentsThe Friedman Curve: An Obsolete Approach to Labor Assessment
Introduction
Summary
The Friedman curve, the gold standard for rates of cervical dilation and fetal descent during active labor, was developed almost 50 years ago. To define a modern curve for normal labor, these researchers evaluated data on 1329 nulliparous, full-term women with spontaneous labors and vertex presentations who gave birth to singletons of normal birth weight from 1992 to 1996.
Dilation in the active phase was much slower on the modern curve than on the Friedman curve (mean time from 4 cm to complete dilation, 5.5 vs. 2.5 hours). Among the current study's patients, labor lasting more than 2 hours without apparent change was not uncommon before 7 cm of dilation. Friedman described 3 stages in the active phase: acceleration, maximal slope, and deceleration. No deceleration stage was noted in the contemporary curve.
Comment
The Friedman curve for normal active labor is one of the first pieces of knowledge that most obstetric students acquire. Comparison of Friedman's population with the current study's population shows marked differences: Anesthesia and augmentation are much more common now than in the past, and birth and maternal weights have increased substantially. The authors suggest that in addition to the discrepancies between the 2 groups of parturients, methodologic differences also might explain the differences between the curves. For example, Friedman actually plotted 500 individual curves and then synthesized them into 1 curve, whereas the current researchers used repeated-measures analysis with 10th-order polynomial function.
The authors conclude that the Friedman curve likely represents an ideal, rather than an average, curve. Although this study has limitations (e.g., assessment of cervical dilation is somewhat subjective), practitioners who base their diagnoses of protraction and arrest solely on the Friedman curve might need to reconsider their approach to labor assessment.
Ann J. Davis, MD
Source
Zhang J et al. Reassessing the labor curve in nulliparous women.Am J Obstet Gynecol2002 Oct; 187:824-8.
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Sun, 04 Jun 2023 12:00:00 -0500entext/htmlhttps://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/450311