- Researchers graded the AI program alongside real students on four different law school final exams
- ChatGPT's grades ranged from a B to C-
ISA offers a variety of resources to help you prepare for the Certified Automation Professional (CAP®) exam.
Primary Textbook
A Guide to the Automation Body of Knowledge is the primary text resource for the CAP exam and provides a complete overview of all technical topics. Order the Guide to the Automation Body of Knowledge.
Study Guide
The CAP Study Guide is a comprehensive self-study resource that contains a list of the CAP domains and tasks, 75 review Dumps complete with justifications. References that were used for each study guide question are also provided with the question. The Study Guide also includes a recommended list of publications that you can use to do further study on specific domains. Order the CAP Study Guide.
Review Courses
A CAP review course is available in several formats as preparation for taking the certification exam. This course is offered by ISA and can also be offered at your location.
ISA also has a variety of training courses that would be helpful in preparing for CAP. Visit the Automation Professional Training page for a complete list.
Additional Resources
Exam Topics
- Basic Continuous Control: Process Instrumentation, Analytical Instrumentation, Continuous Control, Control Valves, Analog Communications, Control System Documentation, Control Equipment
- Basic Discrete, Sequencing, and Manufacturing Control: Discrete Input & Output Devices and General Manufacturing Measurements, Discrete and Sequencing Control, Motor and Drive Control, Motion Control
- Advanced Control Topics: Process Modeling, Advanced Process Control, Control of Batch Processes, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Building Automation
- Reliability, Safety, and Electrical: Alarm Management, Reliability, Process Safety and Safety Instrumented Systems, Electrical Installations, Safe Use and Application of Electrical Apparatus
- Integration and Software: Digital Communications, Industrial Networks, Manufacturing Execution Systems and Business Integration, System and Network Security, Operator Interface, Data Management, Software, Custom Software
- Deployment and Maintenance: Operator Training, Checkout, System Testing, and Startup, Troubleshooting, Maintenance, Long-Term Support and System Management
- Work Structure: Automation Benefits and Project Justifications, Project Management and Execution, Interpersonal Skills
CAP sample Questions
Questions on the exam were derived from the genuine practice of automation professionals as outlined in the CAP Role Delineation Study and job task analysis. Using interviews, surveys, observation, and group discussions, ISA worked with automation professionals to delineate critical job components to develop exam specifications to determine the number of questions related to each domain and task tested. This rigorous program development and ongoing maintenance process ensures that CAP certification accurately reflects the skills and knowledge needed to excel as an automation professional.
The following six questions were taken from the CAP exam question item bank and serve as examples of the question type and question content found on the CAP exam.
- The method by which the tasks and hazards associated with a machine or process are analyzed is known as:
- A. Risk assessment.
- B. Machine assessment.
- C. Risk reduction.
- D. Risk abatement.
- To test controller tuning or prototype new control strategies offline, the model should be a(an):
- A. Tie-back (loopback) simulation.
- B. Artificial neural network.
- C. Dynamic process simulation.
- D. Steady state process simulation.
- The temperature measurement with the BEST repeatability and resolution is the:
- A. Thermocouple.
- B. Resistance temperature detector (RTD).
- C. Dial thermometer.
- D. Capillary system.
- Which of the following is NOT a variable speed drive setup parameter?
- A. Acceleration rate.
- B. Motor winding type.
- C. Output frequency.
- D. Maximum speed.
- A complete test plan for system integration testing MUST include:
- A. Comments for the application programmer.
- B. Multiple test cases for each mode of operation.
- C. At least five test cases for each test.
- D. Expected results for each test case.
- Frequency of maintenance should be determined by:
- A. Failure rates of components.
- B. Availability of personnel and parts.
- C. Management targets for efficiency and productivity.
- D. Effectiveness of maintenance personnel.
Sample Questions Answer Key
| Question Number | Correct Answer | Exam Content Outline |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Domain 1, Task 4 |
| 2 | C | Domain 2, Task 2 |
| 3 | B | Domain 3, Task 3 |
| 4 | B | Domain 4, Task 7 |
| 5 | C | Domain 5, Task 5 |
| 6 | A | Domain 6, Task 2 |
Cisco CEO Chuck Robbins (pictured) stated aggressive supply chain measures the vendor took over several quarters helped Improve profitability in its fiscal Q2 2023 (the period to 28 January), but cautioned components for a few product areas remained highly constrained.
On an earnings call, Robbins argued the company was better positioned than “at any time since I became CEO almost eight years ago”, despite a challenging environment.
Robbins spearheaded a shift towards software-based services from Cisco’s traditional network hardware business.
The CEO noted the exact quarter marked an increase in “product deliveries” and “significant reductions in customer lead times” following “aggressive actions” around product design by Cisco’s supply chain and engineering teams.
Software revenue of $4.2 billion was up 10 per cent on the same period of fiscal 2022.
Overall revenue rose 7 per cent to $13.6 billion and net income of $2.7 billion was down 7 per cent.
Subscribe to our daily newsletter Back
© (Getty Images) Focused young Asian woman memorizing book and making notes at home, concentrates on her studies. Further education concept
Similar to licensure exams for doctors, certified public accountants, nurses and pilots, the purpose of the bar exam is to ensure that law school graduates are prepared to competently and ethically serve the public.
"It's basically public protection and some sort of stamp of approval, if you will, for the public," says Judith A. Gundersen, CEO and president of the not-for-profit National Conference of Bar Examiners, which develops bar exam content for 54 U.S. jurisdictions. "So the public can have confidence in a professional's proven ability to show proficiency to represent them."
For decades, there has been debate about whether the current bar exam – which relies heavily on memorization – actually measures competency for legal practice, says Marsha Griggs, associate professor of law and director of academic enrichment and bar passage at Washburn University School of Law in Kansas.
In 2018, the NCBE's board of trustees decided it was time to reevaluate the test, prompting development of the next generation of the bar exam. As part of the multiyear project, the board used focus groups and conversations with stakeholders to analyze the knowledge lawyers needed to successfully represent their clients, Gundersen says. This information was used to make changes to the current bar exam.
"For a lot of our clients, the work we do as lawyers is life or death," says Hemanth C. Gundavaram, associate dean for experiential education at Northeastern University School of Law in Massachusetts and a volunteer for the development of NextGen content. "Whether your business stays open, whether you stay out of prison or whether you aren't deported, there's so many ways in which the work we do is so important. When I think of it that way, and tell students that, I think it's an important thing to remember of why we have an entrance exam."
Here's what incoming law school students should know about the NextGen bar exam.
NextGen Bar exam vs. Current Bar Exam
Compared to the current bar exam, the legal concepts and principles – including civil procedure, contract law, evidence, torts, business associations, constitutional law, criminal law and real property – will stay largely the same. The NextGen exam will not test subjects related to conflict of laws, family law, trusts and estates, or secured transactions. The difference is mostly in exam structure.
The current bar exam has three sections consisting of 200 multiple-choice, essay and performance test questions. But in the NextGen exam, test-takers will instead be given scenarios that have elements of different knowledge areas and skills. Multiple-choice, short-answer and essay questions are then tied to those scenarios.
Overall, the NextGen bar exam is more skills-based than reliant on memorization, which was a major point of stress for test-takers, experts say.
"I remember for me, that was one of the hardest parts of the exam," says Gundavaram, who is also director of legal clinics and co-founder and director of Northeastern's Immigrant Justice Clinic. "I don't have a great memory. I think I'm a great lawyer and I don't think you need to have a photographic memory to be a good lawyer."
Another challenge with the current exam is length – it's typically 12 hours, spread over two days. The goal is for the NextGen bar exam to be shorter and to ensure that test-takers have access to accommodations, if needed, Gundersen says.
The cost of taking the bar exam varies per jurisdiction and can often be a barrier for test-takers. NCBE officials have not stated the cost of the new exam, but say they are committed to keeping it "affordable for all."
Additionally, the new exam will be completely computer-based, eliminating the current paper question booklet.
When Will NextGen Be Administered?
The Supreme Court or highest court in each jurisdiction will decide whether to adopt the NextGen exam, which can be administered as early as July 2026 following pilot testing and tweaks, according to the NCBE.
During the phased rollout, both the current and NextGen exams will be administered. And like the current bar, NextGen will be administered twice a year, in February and July.
Effect on Current Law School Curricula
Jon J. Lee, an associate professor of law at the University of Oklahoma College of Law and another volunteer for the development of NextGen content, says the changes will free up time for law schools to focus on skills courses because "currently there is a lot of doctrine that students must know for the bar exam."
"Some schools, at least, feel as though they need to cover all of that in their coursework," he says. "And so with this change, this is an opportunity for law schools to think critically about the curriculum."
There may be slight adjustments, but full curricular changes may not be necessary because most of the same syllabu knowledge is required, says Marilyn Wellington, chief strategy and operations officer at NCBE.
If curricular adjustments are needed, however, Griggs emphasizes that they should start with the 2023 incoming class, since those students would be the first graduates to take the new exam.
"The NCBE hasn't fully informed us on what this test will entail. And I understand they are in their process of testing and vetting it," she says. "So I'm sure they will once they have the information ready. ... We have been trying to impress upon the NCBE the urgency of ... giving us this information now so that we can make informed decisions for the benefit of students."
Searching for a law school? Get our complete rankings of Best Law Schools.
Copyright 2023 U.S. News & World Report
Justin Sullivan/Getty Images News
Cisco Systems (NASDAQ:CSCO) rose nearly 4% in premarket trading on Thursday after the company issued strong second-quarter results and a healthy third-quarter forecast, though Wall Street analysts debated the health of the networking giant's backlog.
Jefferies analyst George Notter, who has a buy rating on Cisco (CSCO), said the results and guidance were "fine," but investors should "put the guidance into perspective given the supply chain normalization going on."
In addition, Notter noted that while Cisco's (CSCO) management team, led by CEO Chuck Robbins, provided "very good" commentary about the state of the global economy, the backlog is something to keep an eye on.
Notter estimated the company's backlog was roughly $14B at the end of January, with Cisco (CSCO) expecting it to be around $8B to $10B, roughly twice the normal level. Cisco (CSCO) is expecting around $5B in sales growth this year, with between 50% and 90% coming from reducing its backlog.
"As we think about Cisco, we still believe the business is a normalized 2-4% annual grower (with a point of that growth coming from M&A) – just as they’ve been over the past decade," Notter added.
Notter raised his fiscal 2024 revenue and earnings per share estimates on Cisco (CSCO) after the results.
Competitors Arista Networks (ANET) and Juniper Networks (JNPR) were little changed in premarket trading on Thursday.
Looking ahead, Cisco (CSCO) said it expects third-quarter sales to rise between 11% and 13% year-over-year.
Cisco (CSCO) also raised its full-year earnings outlook, as it now expects to earn between $3.73 and $3.78 per share, up from a prior view of $3.51 to $3.58 per share.
Raymond James analyst Simon Leopold, who has an outperform rating on Cisco (CSCO) and boosted his per-share price target to $63 from $59, said he was "pleasantly surprised" by the strong outlook, but also caveated that by a quicker reduction in the backlog.
"Order declines and reductions in backlog are part of normalization and should be expected, but feed some bearish arguments," Leopold wrote. "We see the software shift and margin improvement favorably, and the upward revisions justify stock appreciation."
J.P. Morgan analyst Samik Chatterjee, who has a neutral rating and $55 per-share price target on Cisco (CSCO), said the guidance is setting up for "material upside," but there is a limitation as to how high the earnings multiple can go.
"Cisco’s earnings outlook raise is how we would have imagined the easing supply backdrop to support Networking equipment companies in recording strong growth in 2023 supported by robust backlogs, even as the macro remains uncertain, heading into this calendar year," Chatterjee explained.
Chatterjee added that the magnitude of the upside nonetheless, "is raising questions around sustainability of growth."
Earlier this month, Cisco (CSCO) was listed among the top tech, media and telecom stocks for 2023 by Bank of America.
In our intensive and evening courses, which run over the course of several weeks and build upon one another, you can systematically work towards achieving a certain language level. The course content of the individual sub-levels is designed such that, by combining the applicable courses, the learning goals of a complete level are covered.
The difference is that our one-week Exam preparation in a group course focuses on targeted preparation for your German exam.
Yes, once you have completed the Exam preparation in a group course, you receive a certificate of attendance.
Yes, to attend an Exam preparation in a group course, you need previous knowledge of German to the level of the applicable course. This means, to do the Exam preparation in a group at level B1, you will need knowledge of German at level B1. To do the Exam preparation in a group at level B2, you will need knowledge of German at level B2. To do the Exam preparation in a group at level C1, you will need knowledge of German at level C1. To do the Exam preparation in a group at level C2, you will need knowledge of German at level C2.
One-week Exam preparation in a group costs EUR 369.
To ensure this doesn’t happen in the future, please enable Javascript and cookies in your browser.
Is this happening to you frequently? Please report it on our feedback forum.
If you have an ad-blocker enabled you may be blocked from proceeding. Please disable your ad-blocker and refresh.
Reference ID:
New research conducted by a professor at University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School found that the artificial intelligence-driven chatbot GPT-3 was able to pass the final exam for the school's Master of Business Administration (MBA) program.
Professor Christian Terwiesch, who authored the research paper "Would Chat GPT3 Get a Wharton MBA? A Prediction Based on Its Performance in the Operations Management Course," said that the bot scored between a B- and B on the exam.
The bot's score, Terwiesch wrote, shows its "remarkable ability to automate some of the skills of highly compensated knowledge workers in general and specifically the knowledge workers in the jobs held by MBA graduates including analysts, managers, and consultants."
The bot did an "amazing job at basic operations management and process analysis questions including those that are based on case studies," Terwiesch wrote in the paper, which was published on Jan. 17. He also said the bot's explanations were "excellent."
The bot is also "remarkably good at modifying its answers in response to human hints," he concluded.
Terwiesch’s findings come as educators become increasingly concerned that AI chatbots could inspire cheating. Although chatbots are not a new technology, ChatGPT exploded on social media in late 2022. Earlier this month, New York City’s Department of Education announced a ban on ChatGPT from its schools’ devices and networks.
Much of the debate is centered around ChatGPT’s conversational speaking style and coherent, topical response style, which makes it difficult to distinguish from human responses.
Experts who work in both artificial intelligence and education have acknowledged that bots like ChatGPT could be a detriment to education in the future. But in recent interviews, some educators and experts they weren’t concerned — yet.
A spokesperson for artificial intelligence startup OpenAI, which created the bot, declined to comment.
The GPT-3 model used in the experiment appears to be an older sibling of the most exact ChatGPT bot that has become a controversial syllabu among educators and those who work in the field of AI. ChatGPT, the newest version, “is fine-tuned from a model in the GPT-3.5 series,” according to OpenAI’s website.
While Chat GPT3's results were impressive, Terwiesch noted that Chat GPT3 “at times makes surprising mistakes in relatively simple calculations at the level of 6th grade Math.”
The present version of Chat GPT is “not capable of handling more advanced process analysis questions, even when they are based on fairly standard templates," Terwiesch added. "This includes process flows with multiple products and problems with stochastic effects such as demand variability.”
Still, Terwiesch said ChatGPT3’s performance on the test has “important implications for business school education, including the need for exam policies, curriculum design focusing on collaboration between human and AI, opportunities to simulate real world decision making processes, the need to teach creative problem solving, improved teaching productivity, and more.”
After publishing his paper, Terwiesch told NBC News that he’s become more aware of the debate around the chat bot and the subsequent conversation surrounding whether it should be banned.
He believes there's a way to marry education and AI to enhance learning for his students.
"I think the technology can engage students in other forms others than the good old, 'write a five-page essay,'" he said. "But that is up to us as educators to reimagine education and find other ways of engaging the students."
(Reuters) - ChatGPT cannot yet outscore most law students on exams, new research suggests, but it can eke out a passing grade.
A quartet of law professors at the University of Minnesota used the popular artificial intelligence chatbot to generate answers to exams in four courses last semester, then graded them blindly alongside genuine students' tests.
ChatGPT’s average C+ performance fell below the humans' B+ average, the authors said. If applied across the curriculum, that would still be enough to earn the chatbot a law degree—though it would be placed on academic probation at Minnesota, ranked as the 21st best law school in the country by U.S. News & World Report.
"Alone, ChatGPT would be pretty mediocre law student," said lead study author Jonathan Choi, who collaborated with professors Kristin Hickman, Amy Monahan and Daniel Schwarcz.
"The bigger potential for the profession here is that a lawyer could use ChatGPT to produce a rough first draft and just make their practice that much more effective," he said.
Choi said he and many colleagues have now banned Internet use during in-class exams to eliminate the possibility of cheating with ChatGPT, though future exams may test their ability to effectively leverage artificial intelligence programs.
Latest Updates
View 2 more stories
The wildly popular ChatGPT debuted in late November and is free for users. It generates sophisticated, human-like responses based on requests from users and mountains of data, including from legal texts.
Other legal academics have also been experimenting with the program. Suffolk University law dean Andrew Perlman co-authored a scholarly article with the program in December. Two other law professors had ChatGPT answer multiple-choice questions from the bar exam. It did not pass but performed better than expected.
The Minnesota law professors had ChatGPT take exams in torts, employee benefits, taxation, and aspects of constitutional law. The tests included a total of 95 multiple choice questions and 12 essay questions.
The chatbot generally did better on the essays than the multiple-choice questions, scoring in the 17th percentile of all students and the 7th percentile, respectively. But its essay performance was inconsistent.
“In writing essays, ChatGPT displayed a strong grasp of basic legal rules and had consistently solid organization and composition,” the authors wrote. “However, it struggled to identify relevant issues and often only superficially applied rules to facts as compared to real law students.”
The program scored higher on the multiple-choice questions than it would through pure chance, according to the report, but struggled to correctly answer questions involving math.
ChatGPT’s exam grades ranged from a high of a B in constitutional law to a low of C-in torts and taxation.
Read more:
Some law professors fear ChatGPT's rise as others see opportunity
Will ChatGPT make lawyers obsolete? (Hint: be afraid)
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
